On average, survey findings show clinically practicing NPs are 49 years of age, female, and practice in non-urban areas. ---. Principal offices are located in Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC and Melbourne. Asian-born health-care workers and those from Europe, Northern America, and Oceania were more likely than their counterparts from other regions to work as physicians and surgeons and, along with those born in Africa, as registered nurses (see Figure 1). Licensed NPs have been providing primary, acute and specialty health care to patients of all ages for more than a half century. As the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) has documented, significant numbers of immigrant college graduates with health-related degrees are facing skill underutilization, in other words are working in low-skilled jobs (for example registered nurses working as health aides) or are out of work. Occupational Distribution of Civilian Employed Health-Care Workers (ages 16 and older), by Nativity and Sex, 2018. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Globally, 70% of the health and social workforce are women compared to 41% in all employment sectors. Jobs in the health-care occupations fall into two broad categories: health-care practitioners and technical occupations (9.6 million workers in 2018), and health-care support occupations (5.1 million). Overall, immigrants ranging from naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents, and temporary workers to recipients of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) and the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program accounted for nearly 18 percent of the 14.7 million people in the United States working in a health-care occupation in 2018. %%EOF Pacific Fleet). In Michigan, for example, while immigrants accounted for just 8 percent of all workers and 9 percent of health-care workers, their share was three times as high (28 percent) among physicians and surgeons. This accounts for nearly 50% of the global health workforce. It is a Forum for senior nursing and midwifery officials to develop and inform areas of shared interest. Investing in nurses and midwives is good value for money. The academic centres are affiliated to the Global Network of WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing and Midwifery. On average, salary for a full-time NP (working 35+ hours per week) was $105,903 annually and the average hourly rate, regardless of hours worked, was $60.02. These migrants were slightly less likely to work as physicians and RNs than other immigrant workers and slightly more likely to be in health-care support occupations (see Table 2).
(Photo: Jake Greenberg/U.S. Mexico (21 percent), the Philippines (12 percent), and China/Hong Kong (6 percent) were the top three countries of birth of the 377,000 immigrants who worked as personal care aides. In several states, immigrants accounted for large shares of low-skilled health-care workers, such as home health aides. No historical data have been revised. IPUMS USA: Version 10.0 [dataset]. Education, Naturalization, and English Language Proficiency. Health-care support occupations were expected to grow the fastest among the 22 broad workforce-wide occupational groups analyzed by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which pre-COVID-19 had been projected to increase by 18 percent between 2018 and 2028, followed by health-care practitioners and technical occupations (12 percent). Asia was the leading region of birth of immigrant health-care workers in 2018, with 40 percent, followed by the Caribbean (16 percent); Mexico and Central America (14 percent); Africa (12 percent); Europe, Northern America, and Oceania (12 percent collectively); and South America (6 percent). The term "foreign born" refers to people residing in the United States at the time of the Census survey who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Naturalization Share and English Proficiency of Immigrant Health-Care Workers (ages 16 and older), by Occupational Group, 2018. Less than half of home health aides and personal care aides were fully English proficient. WHO also engages with academic institutions specialised in nursing and midwifery. Several states also had high shares of registered nurses who are immigrants: Nevada (36 percent), California (35 percent), Maryland (30 percent), and New York (29 percent). From this, just over 43,000 NPs were sent the electronic survey instrument and a total of 4,350 responded. Table 5. Regardless of nativity status, women were more likely to be employed as RNs and in health-care support occupations and less likely to be physicians and surgeons than men (see Table 3). Journal of Black Studies 202-266-1940 | fax. They are also part of their local community sharing its culture, strengths and vulnerabilities and can shape and deliver effective interventions to meet the needs of patients, families and communities. Table 1. The .gov means it's official.
Available online. While NPs on average have practiced for 10 years, over a third (42.2 percent) have been in practice for five years or less up from 22 percent in 2016. The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is the largest professional membership organization for nurse practitioners (NPs) of all specialties. Since most occupations in health care require a professional license, relatively few foreigners meet the requirement unless they obtain a U.S. degree and complete the necessary postgraduate training first. Compared to all foreign-born workers, those employed in the health-care field were more likely to speak English fluently and had higher rates of naturalization and health insurance coverage. 202-266-1940 | fax. Health-Care System Buckles under Pandemic, Immigrant & Refugee Professionals Could Represent a Critical Resource, An Untapped Pool of Critical U.S. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). 197 0 obj <>stream A far greater share of immigrant workers in non-health-care occupations lacked coverage, compared to health-care workers: 22 percent versus 9 percent, respectively. %PDF-1.3 % Other states that have a relatively low share of immigrant workers overall while relying heavily on foreign-born physicians include New Jersey (39 percent), Nevada (38 percent), Florida and New York (36 percent each), and Massachusetts (34 percent). The estimates of health-care workers here refer to their numbers by occupation, regardless of their industry of employment (many occupations can span several industries).Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 ACS. Immigrants accounted for 28 percent of the 958,000 physicians and surgeons practicing in the United States, and 38 percent of the 492,000 home health aides (see Table 1). The aging and longer life expectancy of the U.S. population continue driving the demand for care and treatment of chronic illnesses. Want to learn more about immigrants to the United States from Mexico, India, Canada, or many other countries? Note: The estimates of health-care workers here refer to their numbers by occupation, regardless of their industry of employment (many occupations can span several industries).Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 ACS. Immigrant women in the industry were more likely than natives to work in direct health-care support, the occupations known for low wages. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, more than 26,000 new NPs completed their academic programs in 2016-2017, a significant jump from the 23,698 graduates in 2015-2016. Approximately 27 million men and women make up the global nursing and midwifery workforce. 202-266-1900. hbbd``b`^ $~WHX V""D$0012Xc`$h M' option. Note: The estimates of health-care workers here refer to their numbers by occupation, regardless of their industry of employment (many occupations can span several industries).Source:Migration Policy Institute (MPI) tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 American Community Survey (ACS). Available online. More than 310,000 (or 12 percent) of immigrants employed in health-care occupations were humanitarian migrants, such as resettled refugees, asylees, special immigrant visa holders, and Cuban and Haitian entrants. Among the 14.7 million workers employed in health-care occupations in 2018, 2.6 million (18 percent) were foreign born. Governments around the world have turned to migration management toolssuch as border closures, travel restrictions, and in a few cases bars on new asylum applicationsinitially in hopes of keeping the COVID-19 virus from entering their countries, and later at the pandemic stage as part of a wider suite of mobility restrictions. The site is secure. Achieving health for all will depend on there being sufficient numbers of well-trained and educated, regulated and well supported nurses and midwives, who receive pay and recognition commensurate with the services and quality of care that they provide. Forty-seven academic centres are designated as Collaborating Centres for Nursing and Midwifery with WHO. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Health-Care Workers in a Time of Pandemic, Immigrant Workers: Vital to the U.S. COVID-19 Response, Disproportionately Vulnerable, Barriers to COVID-19 Testing and Treatment: Immigrants without Health Coverage in the United States, New Brain Gain: Rising Human Capital among Recent Immigrants to the United States, Unlocking Skills: Successful Initiatives for Integrating Foreign-Trained Immigrant Professionals. Health-Care System Buckles under Pandemic, Immigrant & Refugee Professionals Could Represent a Critical Resource. News release, September 4, 2019. In contrast, 38 percent of foreign- and U.S.-born physicians and surgeons were women. The survey results were also limited to NP respondents who were clinically practicing at the time of their participation. A 2017Report on the history of nursing and midwifery in the World Health Organization 19482017, demonstrates how WHO, since its inception, has given this workforce a voice, and highlights the critical role nurses and midwives play in improving health outcomes across the world. Before recent significant shifts in the labor market as a result of the COVID-19 disruptions to daily life, health-care occupations were projected to account for 1.9 million of the 8.4 million jobs expected to be newly created in the United States between 2018 and 2028. Note: The estimates of health-care workers here refer to their numbers by occupation, regardless of their industry of employment (many occupations can span several industries).Source:MPI tabulation of data from 2018 ACS. Some doctors with foreign degrees are able to apply for a J-1 visa to complete a medical residency in the United States. Employment Projections: 2018-2028 Summary. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). Before sharing sensitive information, New York had the highest share, with 75 percent, followed by New Jersey (55 percent), Florida (52 percent), Maryland (47 percent), and Massachusetts (45 percent). The SDNM comprises four policy focus areas: education, jobs, leadership, and service delivery Each area has a strategic direction articulating a goal for the five-year period,and includes between two and four policy priorities If enacted and sustained, these policy priorities can support advancement along the four strategic directions: 1) educating enough midwives and nurses with competencies to meet population health needs; 2) creating jobs, managing migration, and recruiting and retaining midwives and nurses where they are most needed; 3) strengthening nursing and midwifery leadership throughout health and academic systems; and 4) ensuring midwives and nurses are supported, respected, protected, motivated and equipped to safely and optimally contribute in their service delivery settings. This number jumped from an estimated 248,000 NPs in March 2018 and is substantially higher than the estimated 120,000 NPs reported in 2007. Immigrants are overrepresented among certain health-care occupations. All data refer to civilian, employed workers ages 16 and older, unless otherwise noted. Updated September 7, 2011. For more information about NPs, visit aanp.org. WHO has established a Nursing and Midwifery Global Community of Practice (NMGCoP). All Immigrant and Refugee Health-Care Workers by Occupational Group, 2018. The Copyright 2001-2022 Migration Policy Institute. Global Network of WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing and Midwifery. For the last quarter century, the Journal of Black Studies has been the leading source for dynamic, innovative, and creative research on the Black experience. U.S. See also PDF and XLSX versions of this table. They provide care in emergency settings and will be key to the achievement of universal health coverage. information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. This is a virtual network created to provide a forum for nurses and midwives around the world to collaborate and network with each other, with WHO and with other key stakeholders (e.g WHO collaborating centres for nursing and midwifery, WHO Academy, Nursing and Midwifery Associations and Institutions.) 202-266-1900, Immigrant Health-Care Workers in the United States, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS ARTICLE, CONTACT US AT, National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, Latin America & Caribbean Migration Portal, Illegal Immigration & Interior Enforcement, From Fear to Solidarity: The Difficulty in Shifting Public Narratives about Refugees, Global Demand for Medical Professionals Drives Indians Abroad Despite Acute Domestic Health-Care Worker Shortages, The Emigration of Health-Care Workers: Malawis Recurring Challenges, College-Educated Immigrants in the United States, As U.S. Temporary visa categories include H-1B (specialty occupations), TN (Mexican and Canadian professionals under the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA]), J-1 (exchange visitors), O-1 (persons with "extraordinary ability or achievement"), and E-3 (specialty occupation workers from Australia). Request Permissions, Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Oscar Gandy, Barbara Hines and Debra A. Miller, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. The more immediate trends now are less clear. That English proficiency rate is markedly higher than for all civilian employed foreign-born workers overall, at about 56 percent (see Table 5). Foreign-born workers ages 25 and older in health-care occupations were somewhat more likely than their native-born counterparts to have obtained a bachelors degree or higher49 percent, compared to 45 percent. State-Level Data on Immigrant Health-Care Workers. Spotlights from MPI's online journal, the Migration Information Source, use the latest data to provide information on size, geographic distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics of particular immigrant groups, including English proficiency, educational and professional attainment, income and poverty, health coverage, and remittances. A vast majority have graduate degrees (95.2 percent) and an estimated 17.8 percent indicated a doctoral degree as their highest level of education (up from 13.4 percent in 2016). make sure you're on a federal government site. Actual compensation varied by practice setting, clinical focus and certification area. Health-care occupations employed approximately 14.7 million native-born and immigrant workers in 2018, up from 12 million in 2010. Select the purchase 2011. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The immigrant share of the health-care workforce was roughly twice the national level in three states: New York (37 percent), California (35 percent), and New Jersey (34 percent). In a number of states, immigrants made up much higher shares of physicians and surgeons than of all health-care workers or all workers in general. 0 Table 3. The largest needs-based shortages of nurses and midwives are in South East Asia and Africa. www.sagepublishing.com, This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. endstream endobj 170 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <> endobj 172 0 obj <>stream Relative to their share of the total workforce, immigrants make up disproportionate shares among both certain high- and low-skilled health-care workers. 2020. Accessed from Steven Ruggles, Sarah Flood, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas and Matthew Sobek. The terms U.S. The lengthy time needed to acquire education and on-the-job training in health-care occupations makes it harder, if not impossible, to switch between professions in response to new job opportunities, while professional licenses often restrict geographic mobility. Contact research@aanp.org for information. Most workers employed in health-care occupations had health insurance in 2018, regardless of their occupation or nativity. Nursing and midwifery occupations represent a significant share of the female workforce. The Nursing and Midwifery Global Community of Practice is free to join and available to nurses and midwives everywhere. Source: TheState of the Worlds Nursing 2020Report; The State of the Worlds Midwifery 2021 Report. Health-care workers supporting the U.S. COVID-19 response.
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