With Ca2+ acting as a bridge the protein is able to interact with the (-) charged phospholipid. Describe the defect in Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia. What plasma protein is important for normal wound healing and stabilization of the fibrin clot? Assume that the eukaryotic nucleus and the bacterial cell each have a single copy of the same DNA binding site. If the concentration of the transcription regulator that binds the site were the same in the nucleus and in the bacterium, would the regulator occupy its binding site equally as well in the eukaryotic nucleus as it does in the bacterium? Don't look now, but those mice that you hate to see scurry across the kitchen floor might just provide a cure for the thousands of people afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease. Discuss the most common laboratory findings in ITP. which of the following plasma proteins is(are) required for the formation of a platelet plug? Briefly discuss the function(s) of the following: Discuss the roles of Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) and Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) in hemostasis. An infertile man is found to have no testicles in his scrotum. What generation is dominant in non-vascular plants? Include the probable cause and how to go about resolving the problem. A normal-colored female snake is involved in a testcross. Which of the following events occur during hemostasis? -Thromboxane A2 is powerful platelet activator, and many TXA2 receptors found on platelets. What type of bonds hold together the polypeptide chains in an antibody. List and describe the four steps in forming a platelet plug. Aggregation increases Ca conc in cytoplasm leading to: Tissue factors released from injured tissues and mediators on platelet surface results in formation of: During fibrin clot formation, fibrinolysis is activated. What is the second step in achieving hemostasis? Describe the characteristics of Von Willebrand Factor? Discuss the reason why a sodium citrate tube must be full. To help his bleeding stop, which of the following is the correct order of events in platelet plug formation? Make a table to show the climate, plant types, plant adaptations, animal types, and animal adaptations for the terrestrial biomes. Describe what is meant by reactive thrombocytosis. Identify four screening tests that aid in the evaluation of primary hemostasis. Discuss the laboratory features seen in May-Hegglin anomaly. List and briefly describe the main purpose of each of the four tests used to screen for platelet function. bridge: collagen bound vonWillebrand Factor. All of the following are functions of thrombin except. The offspring are all normal-colored. Calculate the distance from the lens to F. What happens with subsequent exposures to antigen? How do neutrophils migrate to tissue from blood? What bridge and what platelet membrane receptor are needed for platelets to attach to one another? Discuss the laboratory tests (include expected results) used in diagnosing classic (Type I) von Willebrand's disease. Describe ways in which enslaved African Americans held on to their African customs. Describe the defect in Bernard - Soulier Syndrome. In hematology, clotted samples obscure morphology of blood cells, List disorders that can cause a prolonged closure time (PFA-100). aspirin is used to reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques (clots) that increase vascular resistance and may ultimately prevent blood flow. 1. It is estimated that stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions will cost 1 to 3 percent of the entire global economy every year through the year 2050. Describe the defect(s) in storage pool deficiencies. How did Mendel's observations of the traits expressed in the $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ generations of pea plants lead him to propose the idea of segregation of alleles? 
What STD's can be treated with antibiotics? What is the average lifespan of a platelet? Integrilin & Aggrestat [Platelet Inhibitors}, When one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope, it is called the, what are some side effects of sympathomimetic drugs. A 68-year-old man cuts his lip while drinking from a chipped glass. Discuss why 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) is used in the treatment of von Willebrand's disease. Working with 100 mice, the scientists injected 50 of the mice with stem cells known to give rise to mouse nerve cells. Describe the pathophysiology and hallmark findings of Essential Thrombocythemia. How many ecoregions in Ontario belong to the Boreal Shield? Thrombin, Collagen, ADP--activate--platelet membrane phospholipase that frees arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Explain your answer. Please explain. von willebrand factor and the thromboxane A2. vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug, activation of coagulation cascade, formation of blood clot, and clot retraction and clot dissolution, list the general sequence of events that occur in hemostasis (arrest of bleeding), thrombin and fibrinogen form fibrin and RBCs are enmeshed in the fibrin, vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and activation of coagulation, injury exposes ______ which caused platelets to collect and adhere to it, platelet adhesion is mediated by interactions between ______ on the platelet cell surface and protein component of the subendothelial matrix, platelet receptor interactions with _____ and _____ activate the platelet, biochemical mediators that promote hemostasis are released from ______ upon activation, dense body for platelet activation and aggregation, dense body for vasoconstriction and enhanced platelet aggregation, dense body for promotion of adhesion and coagulation, thromboxanes are produced as part of the ______ synthetic pathways, made by activated platelets and signals to other platelets to promote their degranulation and aggregation; also promotes vasoconstriction, TXA2 is short-lived and converted to inactive _____, TXA2 has (short/long?) (Be specific). c. selective breeding. Phospholipids in the platelet membrane are important for all of the following functions except.
The formation of the GP1b-IX-V-vWF complex is the initial adhesion to ECM. Describe the hallmark findings of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP), Describe how to distinquish between TTP and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). These drugs are synthetic forms of tissue plasminogen activation (tPA). Discuss the principle of the platelet aggregometer. thromboxane A2 plays a role in platelet aggregation. List the three major zones found in platelet structure and give a general description on their functions. Wires used for high-voltage power lines are made from aluminum and have several small-diameter wires twisted together, effectively becoming a large-diameter wire. What is an antigen and what are some examples. the platelets then adhere to one another via the alpha IIb beta 3 integrins expressed on their plasma membranes binding to fibrinogen between the platelets. List and describe the three main roles of blood vessels (2 of vessels and 1 of collagen) in hemostasis. which of these lists contain the substances involved in the extrinsic pathway, exclusively? What bridge and what platelet membrane receptor are needed for platelet adhesion? Endothelial cells (EC) secrete NITRIC OXIDE (NO), a metalloprotease in plasma that cleaves high molecular weight vWF multimers to generate smaller molecules, Cause: defect in the ADAMTS13 protein; reduces ability to hydrolyze vWF, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (also called Giant Platelet syndrome), Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), Cause: Autoimmune; body produces antibodies which bind to platelet glycoproteins (typically GPIIb/IIIa) -> platelet degradation by macrophages in spleen, Cause: qualitative or quantitative deficiency of GPIIb/IIIa receptor.
Discuss how an increased or decreased hematocrit can affect a coagulation specimen. TXA2, ADP, and thrombin bind to GPRC's on nearby circulating platelets, which are recruited to the injury sight via activation of their GPRC's. What is the overall function of platelets? Also look for evidence of bias or distorted facts. Platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), vonWillebrand factor (VWF) and collagen. Blood coagulation is aset of serial proteolytic reactions result in the. In December 2004, a huge iceberg caused a large number of penguin chicks to die of starvation. "We are very excited by our results: said Diane Brandon, the leader of the research team. -P2Y1: calcium release and change in platelet shape occurs. In initiating platelet plug formation, which of the following interactions allows for platelet adhesion to the damaged endothelial wall? formation of the platelet plug), two types of granules in platelets that release their contents upon activation, -platelets are surrounded by negatively charged glycocalyx that prevents adhesion of resting platelets (both to each other and the vessel wall). _ A kitten is born with six toes. Which data shows that Neanderthals are not the ancestors of modern humans? bleeding and clotting of the blood. Bleeding time is in vivo and PFA-100 is in vitro. Platelet Activation causes the release of platelet, cytoplasmic contents ( and dense granules) and turn their membrane inside-out, Initial tethering of platelets to site of injury is by, receptors (glycoproteins Ib/V/IX, VI, and Ia) for vWF and collagen, collagen which is a major component of tissue, ADP, thrombin, and thromboxane A2 sustain and amplify the, thrombin which activates platelets independently of vWF by cleaving the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), The final adhesion pathway for platelets uses, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to bind to vWF and, importantly, fibrinogen, When platelets are activated they turn their membrane inside out via the action of. b. why is there a higher rBC count in males? Ontario has three ecozones, the largest of which is the Boreal Shield. GP1B is on surface on platelet and is receptor for vWF, which is "glue" between exposed collagen of vasculature and platelet. allows cells to continue to adhere to exposed collagen in broken endothelium, arachidonic acid derivative that works by activating other platelets and inducing vasoconstriction, short-lived, has a vasoconstrictive effect associated with inflammation during vessel injury. Discuss the following problem. Scientist at Watson University are reporting that stem cells injected into brain-damaged mice can cure memory loss. List 9 causes of acquired platelet hypoplasia. Which of the following is the most important protease of the coagulation pathway because of its role in so many different catalytic functions? Discuss four pathophysiological causes for thrombocytopenia. Define Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), include the most likely processed involved.
What is Haemopoiesis and where does it occur. Differentiate the uses of platelet poor plasma (PPP) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) in coagulation studies. List 4 causes of congenital platelet hypoplasia. Explain platelet aggregation studies in the evaluation of platelet function, including sample requirements and interpretation of results. Name the platelet glycoprotein receptor for Von Willebrand's factor (vWF). Discuss the mechanism(s) by which heparin can cause thrombocytopenia. negatively charged phopholipids trnaloscate to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane upon platelet activation, which permits the formation of other complexes involved in clotting (tenase complex, prothrombinase complex). Discuss how von Willebrand's can be differentiated from Bernard-Soulier. Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? State two patient factors that can influence the PFA assay. Discuss how aspirin and ibuprofen affect platelet fuction. Chemical mediators synthesized by endothelial cells. The researchers were interested in how an injection of stem cells might affect mice that had injuries in the area of the brain involved in memory. During platelet plug formation, which of the following molecules are secreted by platelets to induce vasoconstriction? 1. inactive plasminogen is converted to the active enzyme plasmin. C. Adhesion --> Activation --> Aggregation. Define HELLP syndrome and describe expected laboratory findings. What are the components of feedback system? Describe the platelet aggregation cascade, activated platelets express GP2b/3a and bind to fibrinogen. Write G if the trait is determined by genotype, and E if it is determined by environment. Do platelets adhere long term at the site of endothelial injury? What vessel inhibitors normally prevent platelet adhesion? - extravascular constriction: reduces blood throw through vessels, protein surface coat of the platelet, contains several glycoproteins and receptors for platelet activation, responsible for negative charge of surface, maintains cytoplasmic integrity, mediates interactions between platelets and vasculature/plasma proteins, major receptor for vonWillebrand Factor (vWF), associated with GPIX, required for platelet adhesion, major plasma membrane receptor for fibrinogen, also binds vWF, required for platelet aggregation, extensive internal storage of membranes, provides channels for entry for external substances and an exit for granule release, storage for ionized calcium, releases calcium when platelets are activated, site for thromboxane synthesis, support the plasma membrane, stabilize discoid shape of the platelets, high calcium content, contains non-metabolic ADP and ATP, phosphate compounds, and serotonin, contain hemostatic and non-hemostatic proteins, supports metabolic activity, provides energy, enzymes for glycolytic and TCA cycles, glycogen synthesis and degradation. A food (web/chain) is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy. The Boreal Shield subdivides into many smaller ecoregions. What is the first step in erythropoiesis? List aggregating agents used in platelet aggregation studies. An apple is located 34 cm from a converging lens. GPIIbIIIa complex..aggregation (platelet on platelet). Indeed, the mice that received the stem cells were found to have greatly improved memories. cleavage of fibrinogen is accomplished by, limited proteolosis- 1 or 2 peptide bonds are broken in fibrinogen, 1. Scientists hypothesize that storm waves lead to mixing of ocean layers, cooling the sea surface temperature by up to 8 degrees C. Think about how hurricanes are fueled. Discuss 2 general categories of causes of decreased platelet production. what is the diagnostic test of choice for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
How do platelet agonists work to stimulate platelet activation in secondary activation? GPIIb/IIIa on platelet regulates interaction and thrombus formation. How is this an example of temperature as a limiting factor? Determine to what degree each article uses facts to back up its conclusions. What is the effect of low plasma albumin. What are the two actions of ADP and thromboxane a2. Discuss the differences in chronic and acute ITP. Describe or diagram the process of platelet activation, adhesion, aggregation (include the release reaction), and clot retraction. Transcription factors responsible for megakaryocyte differentiation, Characteristics of megakaryocyte differentiation (beg. The group that did not receive the stem cells remembered the objects about 40 percent of the time. Identify the platelet receptor and plasma protein required for normal platelet adhesion, d. gp Ib/IX/V von Willebrand factor (VWF). In these snakes, albino color is determined by a recessive allele a, and normal pigmentation is determined by the A allele. --> end ), The process is basically mitosis but there is NO telophase/cytokinesis, therefore there is no separation of the cytoplasm in to distinct daughter cells, Signals relavent to megakaryocyte differentiation, Surface- connected canalicular system (SCCS), Allows pathway for endocytosis and exocytosis, Receptors important for platelet adhesion, Receptors important for platelet aggregation, Seven Transmembrane Repeat receptors (STRs), When bound with their ligand they promote activation and platelet granule secretion, Control platelet shape change, pseudopod extension and facilitate granule secretion, - Alpha ( either endocytosed or initially synthesized by the megakaryocyte since platelets can't), The migration transmitted model predicts that international migration reaches a peak at what stage of the demographic transitionmodel. In addition, assume that the nucleus is 500 times the volume of the bacterium, and has 500 times as much DNA. - Use platelet rich plasma , draw quickly to avoid lipemia, test sample within 3 hours, do not transport in pneumatic tube, keep at room temperature, maintain reagent concentrations and pH. 1) adhesion: platelets adhere to collagen. What is the function of GP2b/3a receptor? Which of the following is necessary for platelet adhesion to collagen? Activated platelets also express P-selectin which, "traps" TF-rich microparticles from plasma to further amplify the clot. vascular endothelial injury leading to the exposure of subendothelial collagen. cleavage of fibrinogen-->fibrin, which is insoluble. Caused by blood stasis, inappropriate activation of coagulation cascade. Describe the sample requirement for platelet aggregation, and how you would process the specimen. which of the following does not increase platelet aggregation? After three months, the scientists tested the memory of both groups of mice by seeing whether they recognized objects. A real image of the apple is observed 21 cm from the lens. PT normal, APTT increased (due to decrease factor VIII), bleeding time increased. Suppose a scientist was observing a new species of butterfly. initiation and activation phase of platelet plug formation, rolling arrest of moving platelets via adhesion to thrombogenic substrates or injured vessel wall, extension phase of platelet plug formation, release of ADP, TXA2, thrombin, and CA2+ by activated platelets-------> recruits more platelets to site, Perpetuation Stage of platelet plug formation, stabilization of platelet-platelet interactions, resulting in formation of platelet plug, on platelet membrane, binds to exposed collagen in ECM, which initiates a signaling cascade to activate platelets, complex via which platelets adhere to collagen in basement membrane, integrin in platelet membrane that mediates adhesion of platelets to collagen in ECM, integrin in platelet membrane that mediates platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, G protien coupled receptors in platelet membrane, GPRC for thrombin, ADP, TXA2 that activate platelets and induce aggregation, protease that activates platelets by binding 2 GPRC's: PAR1 (Gi) and PAR 4(Gq), Hemodynamic changes following tissue injury initiate a conformational change in vFW (ECM) which increases its affinity for GP1B-IX-V (platelet membrane). Describe the differences between HAT, HIT and HITTS. factor Xa, thrombin, factor XIIIa, and fibrin. Discuss the pathophysiology of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Give examples. Name sequentially the actions of platelets? Describe the principle of the Heparin Induced Platelet Aggregation test (HIPA). In contrast, the group that received the stem cells remembered the objects about 70 percent of the time. Consider the following situation. How can Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia be diagnosed? How do you treat postparturient hemoglobinuria? Explain the purpose of extravascular constriction, vasodilation, and collagen in the vessels. Does this present any special problems for eukaryotic gene regulation? What hormone regulates production of platelets? Why do you think the wire is designed this way? EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic acid and Sodium Citrate-lab usage (keeps blood from clotting), prevents the recycling of vit k which prevents the synthesis of vit. Platelet function is more important than numbers, Plasma: Liquid portion of blood containing water, proteins, salts, hormones (intact clotting factors when drawn due to anticoagulant in tube, etc). Which administrative function created the Office of Homeland Security. The other 50 mice did not receive any treatment. Compare the actions of FSH and LH in the ovaries and testes. Which of these phenotypes is controlled by the dominant allele? - sample must be tested within 3 hours, hand carried, kept at room temperature, perform with plt rich plasma. alert the physician that there has been a blood clot recently broken down, 1. the extrensic pathways (blood exposed to tissue outside of the vessel) of clotting starts with tissue factor (thromboplastin), which is released outside the plasma in damaged tissue, anticolagulants which prevent coagulation factors from initiating clot formation, produced by liver, slowly inactivates thrombin (and IXa, Xa, and XIa), produced by basophils and endothelial cells. What is Thromboxane A2 and how can it be blocked?
Discuss which is more critical in hemostasis: platelet count or platelet function. What are platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)? TXA2: mediator of secretion and promotor of vasoconstriction, platelet activation and aggregation, Describe how aspirin effects platelet function. Bacteria produce streptokinase to get around this. put the cells involved in the formation of platelets in the correct order beginning with the events required to produce platelets. Stem Cells Improve Memory in Brain-Damaged Mice. bacteria from exiting the blood and entering the tissues. Increases effectiveness of antithrombin, along with protein S will inactivate Va and VIIIa. How does thrombin reinforce platelet activation? two molecules of subendothelia that are essential for the initial adhesion of platelets at the site of injury (exposed when endothelial is injured), summary of platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis), Adhesion and primary activation (4 steps) (step 1), 1. vascular injury results in an exposure of subendothelial molecules (exposing collagen and von Willebrand factor), responsible for primary activation of platelets: when binds to collagen, binds to collagen to strengthen binding of platelet to vessel wall, -produce a conformational change in vWF that enhance its binding to GPIb, true or false: can fibrinogen can activate primary activation, -produced from fragmentation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, - events that result in the aggregation of platelets at the site of injury (ie. All of these events occur during hemostasis (platelet adhesion, vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation), Clot formation is tonically inhibited by intact endothelial cells, which release ___ and ___, is trapped within a blood clot as it forms, becomes active in the form of plasmin, and slowly dissolves the clot, The coagulation pathway that is initiated with the appearance of tissue factor is the ___, Calcium is involved in activating several steps of the coagulation pathways. Which of the following are components of the contact group of factors? Changing the DNA of an organism is called a. genetic engineering. Differentiate the platelet aggregation patterns seen in von Willebrand's, Bernard-Soulier and Glanzmann's. the control/arrest of bleeding which is designed to prevent excessive blood loss. Irreversible acetylation of cyclo-oxygenase resulting in platelet inability to form TXA2, resulting in decreased platelet aggregation and secretion response. distance signaling effects, platelet aggregation is stimulated by ______, _______, and ______, platelet aggregation induces the receptor protein ______ to bind the protein fibrinogen and form platelet cross links, fibrinogen binding to GPIIb/IIIa forms platelet cross links that make up the ______, clotting cascade generates a fibrin meshwork from fibrinogen that makes up the ______, the enzyme _____ converts a soluble protein fibrinogen to an insoluble protein fibrin, clotting cascades occur on _______ which is rich in the phospholipid phosphatidylserine, both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the clotting cascade form a _____ complex on the platelet membrane, prothrombinase complex that activates thrombin, activated Factor X forms a _______ that activates _______, prothrombin, factor IX, factor VIIa, and factor X, what 4 components of blood coagulation require vitamin K for synthesis, the ______ pathway of coagulation is activated when factor XII contacts sub-endothelial substances exposed by vascular injury, the _____ pathway of coagulation is activated when tissue factor (TF) is released by damaged endothelial cells, vessel endothelial cells produce ______ and ______ to maintain blood flow and pressure (vasodilation) and inhibit platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, ______ expressed on endothelial cell membranes inhibits platelet activation by converting ADP to AMP, protease inhibitor that inhibits thrombin and clotting factors by binding heparan sulfate on endothelial cell membranes, binds to factor Xa and inhibits TF/VIIa, inhibiting clotting, the fibrinolytic system produces a protease called _____ that degrades fibrin, urokinase-like plasminogen activator (u-PA), an extravascular plasminogen activating protease, an intravascular plasminogen activating protese, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and alpha-2-antiplasmin (a2-AP), plasmin formation and activity is inhibited by ______ and ______, thrombosis is treated by ______ and _____ drugs, irreversibly inactivates cyclooxygenases (prevents inflammation and blocks TXA2 in platelets), a glycosaminoglycan polymer that mimics a natural anticoagulant in endothelial cells, how does heparin work as an anticoagulant, What type of microscope would you use to: (a) Count stream invertebrates in a sample: _____ (b) Observe cells in mitosis: _____. activates certain receptors on platelet membrane, GP2b/3a (allows binding of fibrinogen) and vWF receptors. Present an argument that even the maximum investment of 3 percent per year is worth it to avoid the 5 to 20 percent "climate tax" if we do nothing to stabilize carbon dioxide emissions. EDTA: ethelenediaminetetraacetic acid, lavender top, used in heme (CBC) and molecular, chelates calcium needed for blood to clot. What is the function of the genes in the lac operon of E. coli? True or false? Compare and contrast the bleeding time and PFA-100 methodologies in the evaluation of primary hemostasis. Give examples. d. polymerized and are stabilized by factor XIIIa. FROM THE SCIENCE DESK-A research team at Watson University today announced that stem cells can improve the memory of mice with brain injuries. CPDA-1 (citrate phosphate dextrose adenine). What substance digests the fibrin clot after healing? What is the first event in the activation of platelets? How long does passive immunity last after birth? Activation of prothrombinase (clot formation), Tissue Factor is very important. An albino corn snake is crossed with a normal-colored corn snake. Discuss the laboratory tests (include expected results) used in diagnosing Glanzmann's. Prostacyclin + Nitrous oxide inhibit platelet aggregation. subendothelial collagen binds to GPIb via vWF, activation triggers exocytosis of dense granules and alpha granules, leading to release of ADP, vWF, thrombin, other chemical modulators (thromboxane A2, PDGF, VEGF, serotonin, coagulation factors). Nitric oxide, endothelial ADPase, and prostacyclin (PGI2), normal endothelial cells are damaged and removed, exposing the subendothelial collagen fibers to the inside of the vessel. Activation= initiation of signal transduction cascades: *necessary for firm adhesion of platelets (initial binding of platelets to vWF for platelet tethering (GPIb and GPIa) are not strong enough even in high shear), 1. activated platelets synthesize and secrete platelet activator TXA2. These drugs act by converting ___, vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug formation of thrombus, a genetic disease, called von Willebrand's disease, disrupts clot formation because there are reduced levels of von Willebrand factor and clotting ___. Discuss reasons why the PFA closure time has replaced the historic Bleeding Time assay. Discuss the unacceptable nature of clotted blood samples in hematology and hemostasis. 1) adhesion: reversible, platelet adherence mediated by vWF that acts a bridge to connect glycoprotein binding site to collagen, ADP and ATP released. The scientists are confident that, since stem cells can treat memory loss in mice, stem cells can also be used to cure Alzheimer's disease in humans.
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