Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate. In the case of rock catchments, gutters can be constructed from a stone wall built with rough stones/hardcore and joined with mortar (Pace Project, no date).
However, the intervention was limited because of the low level of community participation and the declining attention by the government.
Open containers are not preferred for collecting rainwater for drinking purpose. Schematic pictures of water harvesting and irrigated farm land (Photo was taken from Irrigation farm lands in Eastern Ethiopia, 2019). The failure of rain and the occurrence of drought or consecutive dry periods during the growing season lead to crop with dramatic economic consequences. The report concluded that the status of the constructed ponds was not good owing to various problems like the unavailability of plastic sheet to reduce seepage losses, lack of coordination and facilitation during implementation, while community and land holding size were not taken into account during the design and implementation. The most commonly implemented technology is conservation tillage which aims to maximize the amount of soil moisture within the root zone. hb```$9B eaX . Bedrock surfaces found within rocky top slopes or exposed rock outcrops in lowlands often have natural hollows or valleys which can be turned into water reservoirs by building a dam (Figure 3).
With the help of manually operated down-pipe flap, it is possible to direct the first flush of water flow via the down-pipe, while the latter rainfall is diverted to the storage tank.
Joshi, P.K., A. K. Jha, S.P. Droughts and floods are becoming common, with significant events every 35years, with increasing frequency compared to two or three decades ago. The RWH techniques most commonly practiced in Ethiopia are runoff irrigation (runoff farming), flood spreading (spate irrigation), in-situ water harvesting (ridges, micro basins, etc.) Improving rainwater harvesting(RWH) can improve agricultural production by making water available during the time of dry periods. According to promotion and application of water harvest techniques, addressing water scarcity began through the government-initiated soil and water conservation programs as a response to the 19711974 drought in Tigray, Wollo and Hararghe (Seyoum, 2003). In Bhutan, a three-year rainwater harvesting project aimed at safeguarding farmers from water shortages during dry periods and irregularities in the monsoon rainfall had a total budget of $850,000. Milkias et al. Communally-owned systems can suffer from lack of protection, care and maintenance (Haitbu and Mahoo, 1999). Other variables include catchment surface type and catchment area, which can be altered as per the household requirements. The floods frequently wash them away. Natural Environmental Systems Branches Out Into Rainwater Harvesting, An Introduction to Rainwater Harvesting - GDRC, Components of a Rainwater Harvesting System - Rainwaterharvesting.org, Plankton Likely to Store More Carbon in the Next Century, Green Energy Transition: Upcycling EV Batteries into Graphene Oxide, Schneider Electric Introduces Solar Solutions That Provide Energy to Remote Communities, Glacial Microclimates Helps Researchers Predict How Forests Will React to Climate Change, Hiden LAS: for Leak Analysis of Sealed Packages, Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Stations, The All-Solid-State Battery and its Future in Electric Vehicles, The Advantages and Disadvantages of Carbon Capture, Recent Developments in Solar Energy Technology, Latest Developments in Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling, Radiation Measurements on the North Slope of Alaska, Anthropogenic Emissions of Gases in Urban Areas, The Importance of Meteorological Parameters on Photovoltaic Output, A Guide to Monitoring Urban Air Quality and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Levels. Construction, operation and maintenance are not labour-intensive. Conveyance systems help in transferring the collected rainwater to the storage tanks through the connections made with one or more down-pipes linked to the rooftop gutters. External (Macro) catchment rainwater harvesting, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1724354, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128126240000016, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health.
In the highlands of Tigray, farmers construct ponds for the storage of spring water to irrigate their farms (Mitiku et al., 2001).
A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). RI
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AZoCleantech. The effect of in-situ rainwater harvesting treatments on grain yield (kg/ha) of maize grown with different in-situ rainwater harvest treatments between 2015 and 2017 crop seasons (Milkias et al., 2018). endstream
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Zimbabwe. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Figure 4. Devices can be made cheaply with locally available materials such as bamboo and steel and coated with a sand and cement mix (WaterAid, no date). The altitude ranges from 450 to 3,400 m above sea level. According to Ayalew et al. With the system designed to have larger drain-pipe than the rainwater tank feed-pipe, excess water can be allowed to bypass the storage tank. Regular maintenance, cleaning and repair will be needed for successful collection of rainwater. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the total cost of the project with the budget available. For water captured from a rock catchment, a dam is the more common form of storage device. 2019. Do you have a review, update or anything you would like to add to this article? The principal components of rainwater harvesting include the following: Rooftop Catchments In this technology, rainwater is collected in vessels placed at the roof edge or through gutters that drain water to the collection vessel via down-pipes, or diverting water from gutters to containers for settling particulate matters before being drained into the storage tank. Running costs are reasonably low. After the fall of Derg, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia established in 1995 adopted the Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy, which emphasizes improvement in agricultural productivity to achieve food security and sustainable development (Desta, 2004). 
We use cookies to improve your website experience. 3099067 Rainwater harvesting technology is used for collecting and storing rainwater from rock catchments, the land surface and rooftops with the help of pots, jars or underground check dams. Walker, Kris. The first step in any RWH system involves methods to increase the amount of water stored in the soil profile by trapping or holding the rain where it falls. "Renewable Technology: Rainwater Harvesting". Comprehensive Assessment Research Report 8, International Water Management Institute, Colombo. Local people can be easily trained to implement such technologies, and construction materials are usually readily available.Rainwater harvesting is convenient because it provides water at the point of use and farmers have full control of their own systems. In Sub-Saharan Africa where two-thirds of the region is desert and dryland, the need for improving water management in the agriculture sector is particularly critical. Mortar jars and cylindrical ferrocement tanks are the commonly used rainwater storage facilities. The volume and quality of rainwater collected on the rooftop depends on the area and the roofing material used. h_k0`t,JI6XM#H`;;.>~1Y`(*2VyQaRu,C*HE|hW*I/!VyEQ|S1T)pxq;
CLb6XBrHE:_byU}Y. The objective of this manuscript is to review the status of rainwater harvesting(RWH) technology and practices in sustaining agricultural production in Ethiopia. RWH, which is a deliberate collection of rainwater, can improve agricultural production by making water available during the time of dry spells. A climate where rain falls regularly throughout the year will mean that the storage requirement is low and hence the system cost will be correspondingly low and vice versa, Daily consumption rate (litres/capita /day). Commonly used rainwater harvesting systems are constructed from three principal components: The catchment area is the area where the rainfall or water runoff is initially captured and is in most cases either the roof-top of a house or building, ground surface or rock surface. AZoCleantech. Roofs can be constructed with a range of materials including galvanised corrugated iron, aluminum cement sheets, and tiles and slates. According to the progressive evaluation report on the implementation of RWH in Eastern Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2003), 98% of sampled beneficiaries responded high seepage. The objective is that the adoption of water harvesting technologies, households would be food self- sufficient and the surplus would be generating income. In addition, incomes have been generated through sale of water. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. 5:145-158. High initial investment costs for constructing rainwater collection system. Based on Ayalew, Tesfaye, Mamo, Yitaferu, and Bayu (2012) drought classification, 10 droughts occurred in dry rainy season in which 4 of them were extreme droughts (SRA <1.65) and 6were moderate droughts (1.28
The objective of this study is to review the status of RWHtechnology practices and implication of climate change on agricultural production in Eastern Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is evidence that ancient churches, monasteries and castles used to collect rainwater from roof tops, and the history of RWHby the Aksumite Kingdom dates back as early as 560 BC (Mitiku, Eyasu, & Girmay, 2001).
Using rainwater harvesting technology therefore offers a real opportunity to increase productivity in regions with low and irregular rainfall. Water supply can be contaminated by animal/bird droppings on the catchment areas if they are not cleaned properly.
The effectiveness of storage can be limited by the evaporation that occurs between rains. A review of 311 case studies on watershed programmes in India, with rainwater harvesting and rainwater management as important components, found that the mean cost-benefit ratio of such watershed programmes was relatively high at 1:2.14 (Joshi et al, 2005a). 
The collected rainwater can be directly used without treatment providing a clean collecting procedure has been followed. Eastern Ethiopia (Figure 1) is characterized by plateaus, rugged mountains, deep gorges, and flat plains. The runoff within the land surface catchments can be increased by reducing soil permeability, increasing the land slope using artificial ground cover and clearing vegetation cover. In Eastern Ethiopia, the small farmers depend on rainy season where rainfall is from March to May and June to September, and much of the valuable water is soon lost as surface runoff. Water management strategy whatever the conditions, a careful water management strategy is always a prudent measure. Gould, J. E. (1992) Rainwater Catchment Systems for Household Water Supply in Environmental Sanitation Reviews, No. Water collected is of acceptable quality for agricultural purposes. Lightweight, recycled thermoset-plastic fillers produced and supplied by Composition Materials are made from 100% recycled materials. Moreover, the frequency of drought as well as negative anomaly during rainy season has increased in the last decade.
Despite its long history, only a few decades ago water harvest has received renewed attention from policymakers. Recharge contribution to the wells of shallow depth was prominent than the deep wells. For household-level rainwater harvesting, gutters, down pipes, funnels and filters are required to transfer and clean collected water before it enters the storage device. In Kobo Ethiopia, the outputs from flood diversion (spate irrigation) are giving confidence to the farming community. Tajamares are constructed in areas with clay soils at least 3 m deep. The Vocus CI-TOF from TOFWERK provides real-time chemical ionization measurements.
A number of cultural moisture conservation practices such as mulching, ridging, addition of manure, etc., could fall under this category.
Key information for rainwater harvesting planning relates to the supply and demand of water (Box 2). Dirt and debris from the rooftop and gutters will be washed into the down-pipe when it first starts to rain. Thereafter, it declines and there is a change of slope at the inflection point, i.e. This system works better where the soil water-holding capacity is large enough and the rainfall is equal or more than the crop water requirement, but moisture amount in the soil is restricted by the amount of infiltration and/or deep percolation (Hatibu & Mahoo, 1999). Increasingly popular are ferro-cement tanks in which mortar is applied to a cylindrical wire frame which helps to control cracking. Outside of work, Kris is finally seeing a return on 25 years of hurt supporting Manchester City. Rainwater harvesting ensures independent supply of drinking water at times of water scarcity across regions. }r`k2},*Yr~`(UVKm\-a8\:8:8::::SxlAH 1Q
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Leakage: Most of the tanks (cemented) were leaking due to cracks in the walls of the structures. Similarly, the cost of environmental degradation related to the development of available alternative sources should also be analyzed and added to the economic analysis. Essentially, it includes all conventional approaches to soil and water conservation designed to enhance rainwater infiltration. endstream
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In regions with unpredictable rainfall, more regular maintenance and cleaning will be required to ensure that the equipment is maintained in good working order. There is greater possibility of water loss than the roof-top system due to infiltration into the ground. Land Surface Catchments Rainwater harvesting using land surface catchments involves collecting the runoff using drain pipes and storing the collected water in tanks. Also, when runoff is generated from a large area and concentrated in small storage structures, there is a potential danger of water quality degradation, through introduction of agro-chemicals and other impurities (UNEP and SEI, 2009). The collection and storage areas need to be fenced to avoid contamination by animals. In the ground surface method water flowing along the ground during the rains is usually diverted toward a tank below the surface (Figure 2). Larger-scale conveyance systems may require pumps to transfer water over larger distances. The quality of collected rainwater is generally sufficient for household needs, mainly reducing the requirements for large amount of detergents as pure rainwater is soft. Alternative sources of drinking water are generally sought when groundwater cannot be accessed due to hard ground conditions, or is unfit for drinking or when there is no surface water. Water quality can be improved if access to the area (for example, by animals and children) is limited (WaterAid, no date). Diversions' structures are made simply of stones and wood. It is also evident that it is important to collect runoff water in structures such as runoff collection tanks to maintain the water levels in the wells high. It shows that the recharge from these structures contributes to the shallow wells effectively. All the beneficiaries indicated that the catchment for collecting runoff was sufficient but not the size of the RWH structure. The increase of agricultural economy of the countryis extremely exposed to weather and climate effects. The water stored using this technique can be used for agricultural purposes. This was attributed to the lack of skilled labour during constructionand the poor quality of work as a result of the quota system imposed by the regional government that puts junior experts and development agents under pressure to construct tanks quickly. Rainwater harvesting is the most relevant alternative for regions having proper rainfall. Rainfall Water Containers - Battery tanks that are interconnected and made of polyethylene, ferrocement or pottery can be used as an alternative to storage tanks. This is a system that involves the collection of runoff from large areas which are at an appreciable distance from where it is being used. These tanks are provided with a number of openings that can be fitted with connecting pipes. UNEP (1997) Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Some Countries in Asia, UNEP, Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment General Secretariat, Organisation of American States, Washington, D.C. UNEP and SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) (2009) Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human wellbeing, United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute. Rainwater harvesting has been known and widely practiced for many centuries, especially during the dry season for a different purpose. The dry rainfall anomaly showed that 50% of the observed seasons experienced an amount of rain lower than the long-term mean with 50% of positive anomaly. More info. The cost of rainwater harvesting systems will depend on the type of catchment, conveyance and storage tank materials used but in general the costs of rainwater harvesting systems is considered to be low (UNEP, 1997). This technology is usually combined with storage tanks built of clay. 1289 0 obj
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In addition, the viability of the rainwater collection systems is highly dependent on the quantity and quality of water available from other sources, budget available, household size and per capita water requirements. It can provide good quality water in a cost-effective manner. 20 July 2022. Poor site selection is the most important reason for failures. 173p. Moreover, remains of water harvesting setups still exist in the oldest places of Axum, Gonder, and Lalibela, which were used for different productive and religious rituals. They are compact and convenient for cleaning. We use cookies to enhance your experience. AZoCleantech speaks with Julian Hunt from theInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis about his research into a new hydropower technology. ! This cost includes not only the cost of soil preparation, but also the cost of ancillary equipment such as the storage tank and windmills., Small scale irrigation development based on rainwater harvesting technologies, Strengthen farmers involvement and research and extension services, Train A1 or A0 technicians by some 3-month training courses abroad (in Africa) for specialisation in rainwater harvesting/storage and hill irrigation techniques, Train A2 technicians locally (two per commune, 12 for Bugesera) in rainwater harvesting/storage and hill irrigation techniques, Set up at least one pilot installation of rainwater harvesting and hill irrigation in each of the six communes of Bugesera, Facilitate similar installations in targeted farmers/stockbreeders, Install one clean water conveyance system by photovoltaic pumping in the area of Bugesera, Strengthening farmers involvement and research and extension services, Identification of areas vulnerable to dry spells and erratic monsoon rainfall, Arial surveys and evaluation of remote sensing images/photographs to determine areas suitable for water harvesting, Assessment of available and proven rainwater harvesting technologies for adoption, Technological adaptation to fit the needs and requirements specific to each vulnerable locations. Livia Cabernard from ETH Zurich recently spoke to AZoCleantech to highlight the impacts of plastics on our environment and how coal combustion is increasing this footprint across the world. D2,.``v1]fO *I`o 'l&#N? Registered in England & Wales No. WaterAid, Technical Brief: Rainwater Harvesting, no date. While irrigation may be the most obvious response to drought, it has proved costly and can only benefit a privileged few.
Water harvesting technology serves as a base for the formulation of irrigation projects.
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