In the 6 meter timed hop test, the aim is to jump as fast as possible on a single leg over a distance of 6 meters, without losing balance and landing firmly. (2005). This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Sports Med. 451-03-68/2022-14/200154 and by Slovenian Research Agency under the research programme Bio-Psycho-social context of kinesiology and Kinesiology of monostructural, polystructural and conventional sports (Number P5-0142 and P5-0147). Further investigation of the change in TT between consecutive sessions (averaged for legs and trials) and between trials (averaged for legs and sessions) revealed that decrease in TT across the Sessions ended after second session (Table 2). doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.3967, Yoshida M., Aoki N., Taniguchi K., Yoshida M., Katayose M. (2018). Chronic Ankle Instability Does Not Affect Lower Extremity Functional Performance. Strength Cond. Phys. Copyright - Science for Sport Ltd 2016-2021. Intra-rater reliability of the multiple single-leg hop-stabilization test and relationships with age, leg dominance and training. Although inter-rater reliability presents and important practical issue in applying test in praxis, surprisingly, this is the first study exploring the precision of SW measures of time needed to complete given number of jumps in the SHT. Lower-extremity Bilateral Differences during Step-Close and No-step Countermovement Jumps with Concern for Gender. Contact Us B., Ivey P. J., Brechue W. F., Mayhew J. L. (2015). (2009). The goal is to have a less than 10% difference in hop distance between the injured limb and uninjured limb. J. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.09.002, Lawson B. R., Stephens T. M., DeVoe D. E., Reiser R. F. (2006). Body height was measured using a standard anthropometer while body mass and percent body fat were assessed by a bioelectric impedance method scale (In Body 720; United States). Muscle Strength and Hop Performance Criteria Prior to Return to Sports after ACL Reconstruction. Sci. It is clear that there is abnormal limb symmetry following procedures such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) (Noyes et al., 1991). These cookies do not store any personal information. (2018) have reported comparison of measurements obtained from two raters each recording one trial. 59, 8187. 29, 15091514. The distance is measured from the start line to the heel of the landing leg. This also allows practitioners to take advantage of benefits such as cross-education. Descriptive statistics for TT obtained across the sessions and trials for both legs are depicted in the Figure 4 (means presented as dots and SD as vertical error bars). Also, limits of agreement- LoA = 95% using the Bland-Altman method were calculated and graphically presented (plotting the differences between each rater, and between each rater and the force plate, against the corresponding mean values (Martin Bland and Altman, 1986).
J. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0305, Moir G., Button C., Glaister M., Stone M. H. (2004). 25, 22552264. Where possible, pre-operative testing is recommended to set a true benchmark (Davies et al., 2020). Fitzgerald G. K., Lephart S. M., Hwang J. H., Wainner M. R. S. (2001). 14, 156159. Results of Contrast analysis for repeated measures of total time (between-sessions and between trial differences). Although LSIs have many appealing advantages, they dont come without their limitations. (1998) who reported that more than 95% of the healthy subjects had normal between-leg differences. Another study found that even 7-months post ACLR, both male and female participants who scored mean LSIs of 95.4% across 3 different hop tests, their raw scores (e.g. This further supports the notion that there is bilateral quadriceps weakness following ACRL. It has been shown to be of significant importance in deciding when an athlete is ready to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, with percentage values for knee extension and flexion strength equal to or above 90% considered to be satisfactory (Abrams et al., 2014). (2013). However, the procedure they used had several limitations. Sports Med. One of the useful functional performance tests to assess lower limb function is the Side Hop Test (SHT), which can be used in both clinical and research settings in healthy and injured subjects (Kamonseki et al., 2018). Our second finding is related to the minimum number of familiarisation trials necessary to obtain stable test outcome. 36, 11351144. However, its important to consider when an ACL injury was diagnosed and how long the patients level of physical activity has been reduced, as this may have already resulted in a decline in function of the unaffected limb. Self-assessed Disability and Functional Performance in Individuals with and without Ankle Instability: a Case Control Study. Prior to data collection, subjects were instructed on how to perform the test and were allowed to perform the test as practice. Palmieri-Smith, R.M. LSI ranged from 0.999 to 1.055 across all sessions and trials. A functional performance test, classified as a performance-based measurement (Fitzgerald et al., 2001), is a useful measure in rehabilitation or condition assessment (Yoshida et al., 2011). Other studies on reliability and validity of stopwatch measures in some running field tests (Hetzler et al., 2008; Mann et al., 2015) or balance tests (Botolfsen et al., 2008) indicated that SW measures could be successfully applied but could lead to some disagreements when they are compared with more precise measurement solutions, suggesting that for reliable outcome two experienced raters should be involved in test administration. Motor Unit Synchronization and Neuromuscular Performance. Strength assessed through 1RM (in kg). 19, 3944. single-leg vertical jump). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Maximum Isokinetic Familiarization of the Knee: Implication on Bilateral Assessment. This finding is particularly important, since the side hop test has been primarily introduced as a test aimed to detect potential asymmetries in lower leg function, particularly in patients recovering from ankle or knee injuries (Tegner et al., 1986; Risberg and Ekeland, 1994; Gustavsson et al., 2006; Caffrey et al., 2009; Wikstrom et al., 2009; Thome et al., 2011; Xergia et al., 2013). Single Leg Hop Test for Distance* Available from: Triple Hop Test for Distance* Available from: CrossOver Hop Test for Distance* Available from: Single Leg 6m Timed Hop Test Available from: Grindem H, Snyder-Mackler L, Moksnes H, et al. The Coach Academy is a comprehensive online library of sports performance mini-courses thats updatedevery single week. Total time improved across the Sessions (F = 25.87, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.18) and Trials (F = 68.15, p < 0.01, 2 = 0.10), with no significant interaction between factors. J. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. To our knowledge, none of the studies have examined the inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity, and number of familiarization sessions to minimize the learning effect of SHT in adult males. Physiopedia is not a substitute for professional advice or expert medical services from a qualified healthcare provider. 30th April 2021 | 4 min read. Biomech. Hum. 19, 212217. Sports Phys. Transform your assessment, treatment and training with our world-leading education courses. Due to low coefficient of correlation, high interclass correlation coefficient, and the lack in heteroscedasticity, stopwatch measurements are valid to measure total time in the Side Hop Test.
A., Marques S. S. I., Cabanelas I. T. D., Pereira S. A., Druzian J. I., de Souza C. O., et al. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2989, Xergia S. A., Pappas E., Zampeli F., Georgiou S., Georgoulis A. D. (2013). (2006). J. Res. This is in line with the finding of Itoh et al. J. Orthop. 31, 588597. For the alpha level of 0.05, power of 0.80, and 10% dropout rate, 1214 subjects were required. The main task was to perform the side-hop test, which was performed as described earlier (Itoh et al., 1998) but with some modifications. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002608, Mann J. Time recordings of two raters were similar (t = 0.56, p > 0.05) with high reliability (all ICC >0.99 and CV% <0.1) and no systematic bias when compared to force plate data (p > 0.05; for rater 1 and 2, respectively). Andrew Hyde doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181dc4392. The first session was performed with the right leg and the first jump was always performed to the lateral side. Asymmetries in Functional Hop Tests, Lower Extremity Kinematics, and Isokinetic Strength Persist 6 to 9 Months Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Ther. and Awiszus, F.R.I.E.D.E.M.A.N.N., 1999. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f36c, Hopkins W. G. (2000). When significant effects and their interactions were obtained, contrast analysis was applied. Ortiz A., Olson S. L., Roddey T. S., Morales J. Lawrance, S., Killian, C., Rundquist, P. and Jenkins, W., 2017. and Hewett, T.E., 2020. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. To explore the potential between sessions and trials learning effects on TT achieved with dominant/non-dominant leg, a three-way ANOVA (Leg as a between factor and Sessions and Trials as within factors) was applied. 37, 507511. 16(4):617622. doi:10.1007/s001670050106, Jones P. A., Bampouras T. M. (2010). 1307-2). Subjective assessments include the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC 2000), which has been shown to be a valid outcome measure for knee function in patients with ACL injuries. (1994). In uninjured populations, using LSIs for measures such as knee extension and flexion range of motion, endfeel and effusion have previously demonstrated excellent reliability (Lawrance et al., 2016). The degree of agreement between total time measured by the raters (TTR1 and TTR2) and total time (TTFP) derived from force plate measurements was assessed through the measures of absolute [Coefficient of VariationCV (%)] and relative (Intra-Class Correlation CoefficientICC) reliability (Hopkins, 2000). 2001; 29(5):600613. 30, 814. Strength Cond. The differences were considered as either small (2 = 0.01; d = 0.2), moderate (2 = 0.06; d = 0.5), or large [2 = 0.14; d = 0.8; (Cohen, 1992; Kirk, 1996)]. 2) Only males were included into present study, therefore we cannot generalize results to both genders; 3) the resting time between sets could have also influenced the changes observed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Atkins S. J., Bentley I., Hurst H. T., Sinclair J. K., Hesketh C. (2016). Int. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Am. Exerc. 19, 140145.
J.
All athletes were tested during the first week of training; therefore, training-related changes may have occurred. Comparison of the Effect of Resistance and Balance Training on Isokinetic Eversion Strength, Dynamic Balance, Hop Test, and Ankle Score in Ankle Sprain. Functional asymmetries in the lower limbs have been the subject of numerous recent studies in many different contact, limited-contact and non-contact sports aimed at understanding the role of training in performance and in injury prevention (Lawson et al., 2006; Impellizzeri et al., 2007; Fousekis et al., 2010). Sports 9, 100. doi:10.3390/sports9070100, Seeley M. K., Umberger B. R., Shapiro R. (2008). We hate SPAM. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31814fb55c, Itoh H., Kurosaka M., Yoshiya S., Ichihashi N., Mizuno K. (1998). Sports Phys. The Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) is an excellentguide to objectively determine discrepancies in your patients upper and/or lower limb strength, function, and mobility. He is also an S&C Coach at the NHS, Content Manager and Research Finder at Science for Sport and has an MSc in S&C from Leeds Beckett University. Sport 16, 222227. Lower limb dominance was determined as the side of preference to kick a ball (Seeley et al., 2008; Kamonseki et al., 2016). right leg and left leg) that is commonly used within rehabilitation protocols, to compare an affected limb to (what would usually be) its unaffected counterpart (Palmieri-Smith et al., 2015). (2016). Sci. Familiarization and Reliability of Multiple Sprint Running Performance Indices. J. Orthop. Sci. On top of functional testing, other clinical tests include muscular strength, flexibility as well as range of motion of affected joint. Med. doi:10.1519/14803.1. This again is likely due to the decline in function of the unaffected limb (Patterson et al., 2020). In addition, exceptionally low CV, high ICC, and the lack in heteroscedasticity indicated high inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of time measures, revealing that after a familiarization with the test protocol and with the measurement procedure, practitioners should be capable to make a reliable assessment of SHT. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Front. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT. 34, 542548. The goal is to have a less than 10% time difference in the time taken to hop through between the injured limb and uninjured limb. In addition, effect size was used to estimate the magnitude of differences of main effects, their interactions and contrast differences [2 for ANOVA and Cohens d for Contrasts; (Field, 2018)]. A Power Primer. The goal is to have a less than 10% difference in hop distance between the injured limb and uninjured limb. Lancet 327, 307310. They were informed of potential risks and the purpose of the study and signed a written informed consent form that was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Institutional Review Board (02 No. Mov. Sports Sci. Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. The trial was recorded as successful if subjects were able to complete the 28-jump repetitions, stepping on the line or having their untested leg touching the floor less than 3 times. Strength Cond. 23, 7682. 6, 113. Prediction of Injury by Limited and Asymmetrical Fundamental Movement Patterns in American Football Players.
Considering that SHT is a complex multi-joint task, large muscle groups are involved in performing the task. Providing a high neural training stimulus to an unaffected limb can also help reduce loss of neural function in the affected limb (Papandreou et al., 2013). This value could represent numerous qualities such as strength in a particular muscle (e.g. 1173185. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155, Coratella G., Beato M., Schena F. (2018). 1, 265272. 20 (2), 213229. Alternative to stopwatch could be the contact matt which allows not only more reliable measures (Garcia-Lopez et al., 2005) but also the measurement of duration of every single phase of SHT, i.e., medial and lateral contact and flight times. Life 11, 307. doi:10.3390/life11040307, Wikstrom E. A., Tillman M. D., Chmielewski T. L., Cauraugh J. H., Naugle K. E., Borsa P. A. Learn about the fundamentals of Agility and even get a practical coaching guide to help you to develop engaging sessions. Knee Surg. Although the SHT is one of the most widely used functional test to assess ankle stability and has undergone the most research (Ortiz et al., 2005) in relation to lower limb functional performance (Gustavsson et al., 2006), there is still a lack of knowledge addressing the issue of the measurement characteristics of SHT. 6, 241245. 30, 115. Reliability, Validity, and Minimal Detectable Change of Side Hop Test in Male Children and Adolescents. Ross, M.D., B. Langford, and P.J. Clinically, it is an easy-to-use, quick measure that can provide valuable data for baseline and progression purposes. Ther. Due to the task complexity, prolonged familiarization is necessary to stabilize the results, i.e., the test should be performed with caution, when the aim is to assess the subjects skill to perform consecutive medio-lateral jumps as fast as possible. J. strength Cond. Only Kockum and Heijne (2015) used a modified protocol that also assessed the number of repetitions for a given time, where all commonly used hop tests, including SHT, showed good to excellent intra-class correlation (0.84 < ICC >0.98), whereas Ortiz et al. Nascimento I. 71, 102629. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2020.102629, Cohen J. J. In patients who have had an ACLR, there is reduced maximum voluntary activation bilaterally in the quadriceps (Urbach et al., 1999; 2001). Since its an easy to calculate, inexpensive and flexible objective measure of limb symmetry that can be used for different tests throughout a rehabilitation protocol, theres no surprise its so commonly used within clinical practice. 112, 155159. Sport Rehabil. Res. Psychol. In addition, the trend within each session showed that the subjects are constantly improving their results, trial after trial. 26, 342349. PM&R 3, 1320. Stopwatches are up to date the most commonly used to measure the SHT performance (Docherty et al., 2005; Ortiz et al., 2005; Ortiz et al., 2011; Yoshida et al., 2011; Yoshida et al., 2018; Kamonseki et al., 2018), the measurement characteristics of mentioned test could be questionable. At Movement Assessment Technologies we choose to use tools like The MAT and Hop MAT to easily perform LSI tests. Reliability and Accuracy of Handheld Stopwatches Compared with Electronic Timing in Measuring Sprint Performance. The distance is measured from the start line to the heel of the landing leg. Sadeghi H., Allard P., Prince F., Labelle H. (2000). In addition, the authors (Ortiz et al., 2005) suggest re-measuring SHT with shorter time intervals between sessions to reduce the possibility of a learning effect. FIGURE 1. Am. (1992). doi:10.1016/j.math.2015.10.006, Kiesel K. B., Butler R. J., Plisky P. J. Two experienced researchers simultaneously measured the TT of the test. These look at a combination of power, endurance and functional movement patterns, providing a qualitative look at the specialized movements required in different sports. They were excluded from the study if they were active athletes, had chronic medical conditions, cardiac problems, mechanical instability of the ankle joint, a history of orthopaedic surgery, a fracture of a lower extremity, or a history of an ankle sprain within 6months. Res. Davies, W.T., Myer, G.D. and Read, P.J., 2020. Res. Strength Cond. Prior to data collection, participants were instructed on how to perform the side-hop test and were allowed to practice the test twice (once with each leg). Sci. Strength Cond. This work was funded by the Serbian Scientific Research Fund grant no.
Patterson, Brooke E., Kay M. Crossley, Luke G. Perraton, Avnish S. Kumar, Matthew G. King, Joshua J. Heerey, Christian J. Barton, and Adam G. Culvenor. Descriptive statistics for LSI [Mean (SD)] calculated across the sessions and trials are presented in Table 3. Although contrast analysis revealed no significant differences between consecutive trials the differences in total time between the first and the last session clearly showed that the subjects tend to improve their results even after seven sessions. Disclaimer. 13:874632. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.874632. We believe that our methodologically improved study will confirm the assumptions made in previous studies that stopwatch measurements could be a valid and reliable measure of both TT and LSI index. Arthrosc. Assessment of Functional Tests after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery. J. Fousekis K., Tsepis E., Vagenas G. (2010). The Limb Symmetry Index (LSI)can becalculated as the ratio of the involved limb over the uninvolved limb using almost any objective test. (2014). doi:10.1177/0013164496056005002, Kockum B., Heijne A. I.-L. M. (2015). 26, 294302. The force plate (AMTI, Inc., Newton, MA, United States; sampling frequency 1,000Hz) was mounted and calibrated according to the manufacturers instructions. Inter-rater reliability (Rater 1 vs. Rater 2) and concurrent Validity (Rater 1 vs. Force Plate and Rater 2 vs. Force Plate) of time measures (total time in s) statistics for Side-hop test. Field A. P. (2018). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Our findings confirmed that SW measurements could be a valid and reliable measure of both TT and LSI index. Ther. Phys. 24, 15531558. Palmieri-Smith, R.M., Thomas, A.C. and Wojtys, E.M., 2008. Med. TABLE 2.
From the practical point of view, our findings confirmed that SHT could be easily administered by the practitioners without profound familiarization, while the potential asymmetries could be reliably assessed after only few familiarization trails. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to evaluate: 1) inter-rater reliability (two experienced raters) and concurrent validity [stopwatch SHT total time (TT) measurements, compared to TT derived from force plate measurements]; 2) determination of the number of familiarization sessions and trials required to minimize the effects of learning on SHT TT and limb symmetry index (LSI). Muscle Imbalances - Fact or Fiction? doi:10.1055/s-2004-820962, Glaister M., Howatson G., Lockey R. A., Abraham C. S., Goodwin J. E., McInnes G. (2007). The Relationship between Asymmetry and Athletic Performance: A Critical Review. Res. No between-leg differences were detected (F = 0.52, p > 0.05, 2 = 0.001). However, for this to be true, The above limitations must be considered to ensure that affected limb function is not overestimated and true equal (or close to) function is achieved. (2020) established that for strength testing the number of familiarization sessions required for dominant and non-dominant limb required a similar number of sets (3). In addition, we confirmed our hypothesis that complexity of the task in the side hop test results in prolonged familiarization through multiple sessions and trials. J. Is it time we better understood the tests we are using for return to sport decision making following ACL reconstruction? Knee Surg. (1986). Hop Tests as Predictors of Dynamic Knee Stability. Noyes, F.R., Barber, S.D. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060143, Risberg M. A., Ekeland A. Physiother. They are determined by strength deficits between the two limbs (Fousekis et al., 2010) and are distinct from muscular imbalances, which represent a change in the force relationship between agonist and antagonist muscle pairs (Schlumberger et al., 2006; Jones and Bampouras, 2010). Quality of take-off and landing mechanics should also be assessed, on top of quantitative scores. Arthrosc. Fifteen healthy male physical education students (mean SD: age, 23 3years; height, 181 9cm; and weight 72 6kg) participated.
33, 25792593. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.09.006. At 1 year post-ACL injury, those with normal knee function had LSI values greater than 90% for the single-leg, cross-over, and triple hop tests - the LSI hop testing battery (Wipfler et al., 2011), An LSI score discrepancy of less than 15% is recommended in a drop vertical jump landing force for all athletes, regardless of sport, prior to return to play (Myer, Paterno, Ford, Quatman, & Hewett, 2006), The LSI be used in conjunction with a range of other tests and criteria for appropriate decision-making regarding return to play, including reference to healthy, normative values if data is available for reducing the risk of injury and re-injury (Abrams et al., 2014). This is further supported by Palmieri-Smith et al., (2008), who suggests that this may also be due to arthrogenic (reflex) muscle inhibition. Received: 12 February 2022; Accepted: 27 May 2022;Published: 17 June 2022. J. jump distance) were still much lower when compared to healthy participants (Gokeler et al., 2017). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Ser. The validity of the TT measures in the SHT when simultaneously measured by the two experienced raters and using force plate are shown in Table 1 and Figures 3B,C. Bull. doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.19.4.212, Rouissi M., Chtara M., Owen A., Chaalali A., Chaouachi A., Gabbett T., et al. In addition, possible strength gains may be a bias depending on the nature of task performed during the familiarisation process (Semmler, 2002; Kamen and Knight, 2004). Side Hop Test total time (stopwatch and force plates) of left and right leg, and limb symmetry index (force plates) were obtained over seven sessions conducted 57days apart. J. Orthop. Res. Transl. doi:10.1177/036354658601400212, Thome R., Kaplan Y., Kvist J., Myklebust G., Risberg M. A., Theisen D., et al. Ther. J. This data further supports that there is true bilateral muscle weakness present following ACLR, which is highly neural. J. Whe- lan. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. This minimises the chance of LSI scores post-op underestimating knee function. Ther. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8, Martin R. L., Davenport T. E., Paulseth S., Wukich D. K., Godges J. J., Altman R. D., et al. Ther. Example of tests you might choose when calculating the Limb Symmetry Index include: The strength of using the Limb Symmetry Index is that by using a battery of tests it can help to identify true reduced limb function in your patients and clients and account for any outliers in testing. Sports Med. Effect of Stretching with and without Muscle Strengthening Exercises for the Foot and Hip in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis: a Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Clinical Trial. Ther. Phys. doi:10.3233/ies-2006-0229, Scinicarelli G., Trofenik M., Frobse I., Wilke C. (2021). About Us A sample of 15 male subjects (mean SD: age, 23 3years; height, 181 9cm; and weight 72 6kg) were physical education students. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jos-AnG26Ug, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVGLu2E8-x8, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bODeVBSquM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBppGOIb3iI, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Hop_Test&oldid=267914. 39, 799806. Strength Cond. J. Orthop. Even with meeting the criteria for the hop tests, there is still a chance of an injury again. 36, 14691475. and Lepley, L.K., 2015. The Validation of a New Method that Measures Contact and Flight Times during Vertical Jump. 39, 458467. Correlation between Quadriceps and Hamstrings Inter-limb Strength Asymmetry with Change of Direction and Sprint in U21 Elite Soccer-Players. Moreover, Chan et al. Sports Med. Docherty C. L., Arnold B. L., Gansneder B. M., Hurwitz S., Gieck J. The first three sessions were familiarization sessions and were measured with stopwatches only (SW; see Figure 1 for illustration). CV and ICC revealed high reliability with no systematic bias when measurement outcomes of both raters were compared with corresponding data derived from force plate recordings [t (29) = 0.56, p > 0.05; t (29) = 0.47, p > 0.05; for rater one and two, respectively]. The first finding of the study indicated almost identical measures recorded by both raters and the records derived from the platform. Strength Cond. J. Descriptive statistics for Limb symmetry indexLSI [Mean (SD)] calculated across the sessions and trials. Gokeler, A., Welling, W., Benjaminse, A., Lemmink, K., Seil, R. and Zaffagnini, S., 2017. Sports Traumatol. Quadriceps strength asymmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction alters knee joint biomechanics and functional performance at time of return to activity. It is recommended that an athlete has to score >90% on the tests to have a reduced risk of reinjury or injury. J.
Note that of the 28 jumps performed within each trial, the time was measured between the 4th and 24th jump (10 cycles), excluding the first four and last four jumps to prevent the effect of a poor start or finish to the trial. In the triple hop test, the aim is to jump as far as possible on a single leg three consecutive times, without losing balance and landing firmly.
Res. Validity and Reliability of Hand and Electronic Timing for 40-yd Sprint in College Football Players. Limb Symmetry Index is an easy to calculate, inexpensive and flexible objective measure of limb symmetry that can be used for different tests throughout a rehabilitation protocol. The Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant main effects of Sessions [F (6, 60) = 0.712, p > 0.05, 2 = 0.001] and Trials [F (3, 20) = 0.263, p > 0.05, 2 = 0.001]. J. Stren. Functional-performance Deficits in Volunteers with Functional Ankle Instability. doi:10.1007/s00167-006-0045-6, Hetzler R. K., Stickley C. D., Lundquist K. M., Kimura I. F. (2008). FIGURE 4. Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Expanded Timed Up-And-Go Test in Older People with Impaired Mobility. Simple decision rules can reduce reinjury risk by 84% after ACL reconstruction: the Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort study. Tegner Y., Lysholm J., Lysholm M., Gillquist J.
limb symmetry index hop test
