The number of total coliforms present in the water was quite low until June 2011. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState 52 0 R /Parent 2 0 R The main focus of this paper relies on several aspects, such as examining the quality of water with respect to standard values, analyzing associated financial benefits in terms of cost, and considering water and energy conservation and lastly suggesting the system as a potential source of water both in normal and critical situations. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] This indicates that supply capacity is improving, and authorities are trying to reduce the shortages. /Font 143 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] stream Figure 11 shows the variation of fecal coliform over time. 47 0 obj
that the overall quality of water is quite satisfactory as per Bangladesh standards. >> /Font 168 0 R >> endobj The associated advantages of rainwater harvesting are that. /ExtGState 97 0 R /Contents 60 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] Decreased use of conventional potable water reduces energy demand that in turn reduces emission of carbon dioxide. /F9 183 0 R /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] FOIA /Resources << In order to analyze the water quality in terms of lead concentration in collected water, tests were performed, which found that lead concentration always remained below the allowable limit according to the Bangladesh standards for drinking water [32]. According to Bro [23], per capita demand for 2006 was about 200 liters, including 10% provisions for commercial use and 40% due to system loss during supply. endobj Every year the groundwater table is dropping down around 1 to 3m due to the extreme amount of withdrawal. 24 0 obj /Resources << << /Font 164 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R Overpopulation makes these options inappropriate by reducing the recharge area. Despins C, Farahbakhsh K, Leidl C. Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. 34 0 obj /Type /Page /Rotate 0 More comprehensive studies for better quantification of energy and climate factors should be made for proper development of the system. /Rotate 0 /Font 86 0 R This volume of rainwater can serve a building with 60 members for about 1.5 months in a year without the help of traditional water supply. /Contents 126 0 R /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 endobj Rainwater harvesting would be one of the most conceivable and viable solutions to release the pressure on the groundwater table as the system utilizes natural rainwater without affecting groundwater sources. A practical survey showed that (in Dhaka) the total cost related to construction and yearly maintenance of a rainwater harvesting system for 20 years' economic life is about 30000BDT. >> /Subtype /Image >> That could be calculated through population data and per capita demand. >> 41 0 obj /Type /Page
/Type /Page >> Figure 17 shows the month-wise harvestable amount of rainwater and the associated amount of cost savings. <<
This paper is mainly focused on scrutinizing and assessing water-quality parameters as per allowable limit and also on the financial benefit acquired by using this technique. endobj /Font 161 0 R /Font 71 0 R /ExtGState 64 0 R Two different collecting points were considered: water collected before entering into the storage tank (called first flush water) and water collected from the storage tank (tank water). /Resources << /Resources << /Type /Catalog /Font 62 0 R Dhaka is a densely populated city with an area of 1425km2 [1] which is already labelled as a mega city [24]. /Contents 123 0 R DWASA [1] provides 75% of total demand of water in which about 87% is accumulated from groundwater sources, and the remaining 13% is collected from different treatment plants. /Rotate 0 In order to understand the variation between demand and supply, the total demand needs to be known. /Rotate 0 /Font 158 0 R /Contents 173 0 R 175184. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) Bengali text of the rules was published in the Bangladesh Gazette. 7 0 obj /Rotate 0 /ExtGState 160 0 R Another thing, BOD5 became less in flash water than in tank water. /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] >> Islam MM, Chou FN-F, Kabir MR. Feasibility and acceptability study of rainwater use to the acute water shortage areas in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Figure 9 shows the variation of pH over time. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] endobj /R7 174 0 R /Resources << 43 0 obj << << California waterenergy issues, public interest energy research program. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text]
ft. (considering the floor area rule of RAJUK, the city development authority), and within this area 1850sq. /Parent 2 0 R The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. endobj /Contents 75 0 R Maximum and minimum temperature (C) trend in Dhaka City. /DecodeParms 184 0 R /ExtGState 109 0 R /Type /Page /CreationDate (D:20170403203222-01'00') /Font 149 0 R In a more applied setting, energy efficiencies of large scale rainwater harvesting systems should be analyzed to help determine the future of rainwater harvesting as a valuable technology for providing water, a crucial resource that is becoming more depleted with the ever increasing population and water demand. /Type /Page
>> Herrmann and Schmida [35] studied that potential saving of roof captures water was about 3060% of potable water demand in a house depending on the demand and catchment area. 2ZUCU%(:;YnH]bhfN
^HsZ1 vl0`l. /ExtGState 73 0 R xF,xgohH}r#[677F71&.1~B'(_|>q "+a )X;4.u\Z!FiYenb\#uFc-Z%qC endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] >> endobj Sustainable management of headwater resources: the Nairobi' Headwater' Declaration (2002) and beyond. 
>> The yearly consumption of this selected building stands at 2916 thousands liters. /Contents 54 0 R Therefore quality assessment of collected water is essential before use. /R10 180 0 R >> /Font 104 0 R /ExtGState 79 0 R The Daily Star. /ExtGState 67 0 R >> Tests must be performed to check its viability and applicability before using as drinking water. Water from different rooftops of a lane can also be collected through a piped network and stored for some time. [36] analyzed 27 houses in Australia with rainwater harvesting system and found that about 60% of potable water could be saved. >> >> >> As pure water should be free from all kinds of coliforms, proper maintenance of tank and catchment areas could minimize coliform level and make rainwater safe for household purposes. But these water bodies already lost their potentiality as sources of supply due to the huge pollutions. >> If needed, a chemical treatment such as chlorination can be used to purify the water. The overall deficiency of supplied water triggers the need for augmentation and improvement of the water supply system to meet the increased demand in future [5]. /R8 179 0 R /ExtGState 124 0 R 3O/qQVJtM ?I;:z_o << /Contents 108 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/ENG/61. Local treatment of harvested water could easily make water potable. << >> According to DWASA, 2011 [24], the water supply is about 1356.67MLD (considering service flow with 40% leakages), and the total demand is 2200MLD (assuming 85% service area). >> For analysis purpose, a one-year rainfall data were considered. /ExtGState 94 0 R 5. Villarreal EL, Dixon A.
/Contents 162 0 R 2 0 obj The monitoring of collected rainwater is of great concern as it is the potential for health risk because of the presence of chemical and microbiological contaminants [18]. Rainwater harvesting is a simple and primary technique of collecting water from natural rainfall. /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] Significant amount of water could be collected during heavy rainfall. /Type /Page 13 0 obj Akther H, Ahmed MS, Rasheed KBS.
endobj For all the selected periods, the total dissolved solids in collected water were quite lower than the standard limit. /R14 176 0 R /ExtGState 136 0 R 
/Font 77 0 R and transmitted securely. /Resources << Water production per day in Dhaka city [1]. /Rotate 0 Possible water sources for supplementing Dhaka City supply. /Rotate 0 /ExtGState 76 0 R Integrating rainwater harvesting system with the conventional water collection and distribution approach in residential as well as large scale, nonresidential applications suggest a potential method of reducing energy use. This paper ensures the sustainability of this system through assessing several water-quality parameters of collected rainwater with respect to allowable limits. /ExtGState 70 0 R /Rotate 0 >> Figures Figures5,5, ,6,6, and and77 show the monthly rainfall pattern, monthly average relative humidity, and the maximum and the minimum monthly temperature trend, respectively, for Dhaka City. /Resources << /Type /Page National Library of Medicine /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] << >> Dhaka, Bangladesh: Master Plan Organization; 1987. The samples were bottled carefully, so that no air bubble is entrained in the bottle. /Font 140 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << << 33 0 obj /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R However, limiting energy demand has critical impact on carbon dioxide emissions, as release of carbon dioxide is closely associated with electricity generation. /Resources << /Contents 90 0 R The system could become a good alternative source of water supply in Dhaka City to cope up with the ever-increasing demand and should be accepted and utilized by the respective authorities as well as by the city dwellers.
/ExtGState 148 0 R /Type /Page A pump, pressure controller, and fittings in addition to the plumber's labor represent other major costs of the investment. << /Contents 153 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page /Rotate 0 Institute of Water Modeling (IWM) Resource assessment and monitoring of water supply sources for Dhaka City. >> /Parent 2 0 R /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Resources << So, within three to four years, the installation cost of a rainwater harvesting system can be easily returned. it can curtail the burden on the public water supply, which is the main source of city water; it can be used in case of an emergency (i.e., fire); it is solely cost effective as installation cost is low, and it can reduce expense that one has to pay for water bills; it extends soil moisture levels for development of vegetation; groundwater level is highly recharged during rainfall. This could reduce the pressure on processed supply water which enhances the green living. /Parent 2 0 R The allowable limit for total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking water is about 1000(mg/L) according to Bangladesh standards for drinking water [32]. Therefore city planners should rethink of the possibilities, outcome, and benefits of a rainwater harvesting system and should create policies to make the system easily available to everyone. Dhaka is located in a hot and humid country, and its annual temperature (25C) categorizes the city as monsoon climate zone. /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font 68 0 R /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Im1 47 0 R /Resources <<
4Jbbq}^I8X:*!|>ctgCTe6Xd l/(E. /Parent 2 0 R /Font 53 0 R Cost comparison and associated benefit between a rainwater harvesting system and traditional water supply system encountered and revealed a rainwater harvesting system as a cost-effective technology. Variation of total dissolved solids over time. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Pressure on groundwater tables thus could be prevented, and natural recharging would also be proceeded through this system. endobj Coombes et al. /XObject 171 0 R /Type /Page Rainwater harvesting is a multipurpose way of supplying usable water to consumers during a crisis period, recharging the groundwater and finally reducing the runoff and water logging during the season of heavy rainfall. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj Previous researches [2931] showed that water quality of collected water did not always meet standard limits due to unprotected collection. /F8 182 0 R
/Contents 169 0 R 36 0 obj In a similar way, the NH3N level was quite below the standard limit (0.5mg/L) during the collection period (Figure 14). To get an overview of the amount of collected rainwater, monthly average rainfall data from January to December has been considered, including the dry and monsoon periods. Of the costs for installation, the storage tank represents the largest investment, which can vary between 30% and 45% of the total cost of the system dependent on system size. Therefore, the water sector consumes a huge amount of electricity from local and national grid. /Resources << /Resources << >> 10 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Rotate 0 /Contents 111 0 R Within 48 years demand became 15 times more than expected. 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R /Rotate 0 /Font 101 0 R 3 0 obj << The measured turbidity level in collected water was below this standard limit. /ExtGState 61 0 R >> /Count 41 >> Figure 13 shows the variation of turbidity over time. All parameters were measured in the environment laboratory of Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology (BUET). /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The system was designed for meeting water requirements of 60 persons living in the entire building. Climate Division. A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis should be performed on different climate regions to get essential insight on the economic viability of rainwater harvesting system (RWHS). endobj /Type /Page In the present case study, about 313.80 thousands liter water can be harvested from rain over one year. /Type /Page An official website of the United States government. endobj About 75% of total demand of water in Dhaka is supplied by DWASA, and the rest comes from privately owned tube wells. Ghisi et al. /Contents 138 0 R In all of the selected time period, BOD5 is less than the Bangladesh standard for drinking water [32]. Covering the vertical recharge inlets with pavement materials or other construction materials can cause water logging for even small duration heavy rainfall in most areas of Dhaka City. /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] 11 0 obj /ExtGState 130 0 R /Font 122 0 R University of Hawaii; Thomas T. Domestic water supply using rainwater harvesting. California Energy Commission. /Resources << >> /Height 64 /Parent 2 0 R Analysis of a rainwater collection system for domestic water supply in Ringdansen, Norrkping, Sweden. /Contents 156 0 R Sustainable use of water could maintain a balance between its demand and supply. Proceedings of the Western Region EnergyWater Needs Assessment Workshop; 2006; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. /Annots [51 0 R]
42 0 obj P;@J}8`ePKgRl@}Lra Q lOMq (3x#+lwl0[h/,^cg%% However, water use should be critically judged from availability, safety, and sustainability of natural resources. This study focused only on rainwater harvesting system on a small scale basis. Adoption of RWHS is one of the most potential solutions that could save energy directly by reducing potable water demand. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page /Contents 96 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] PMC legacy view /Width 48 Groundwater resource evaluation of Bangladesh. /Resources <<
Figure 10 shows the variation of total coliform over time. /Contents 159 0 R << Per capita water consumption is about 135lpcd for conservative use. /Contents 147 0 R /Resources << 15 0 obj endobj However, this amount could reduce potable water demand and approximately 100kWh electricity could be saved in the selected residential building by introducing rainwater capturing system. >> /Pages 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /Font 59 0 R endobj
/Rotate 0 >> /Font 83 0 R >> >> /Parent 2 0 R Baguma D, Loiskandl W, Darnhofer I, Jung H, Hauser M. Knowledge of measures to safeguard harvested rainwater quality in rural domestic households. /Type /Page where V is the amount of harvestable water, A is catchment area, R is total amount of rainfall, and C is the runoff coefficient. ft. (square feet). Month-wise harvestable amount of rainwater and the associated cost savings. endobj >> /R18 178 0 R Untreated municipal and industrial wastes make the river water so contaminated that most of the water quality parameters surpassed their allowable level. Relation among water demand, supply, and deficit in Dhaka City [1]. The trend of deficit is due to difference in demand and supply as shown in Figure 3. /Type /Pages /SMask 185 0 R 45 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R
>> /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /Parent 2 0 R In this respect, treatment of collected water is of no such importance; rather it is used for household purposes. /Font 110 0 R /Length 8916 Hence, limited contribution is to be expected from lower carbon release in climate change concept. It is almost the only way to upgrade one's household water supply without waiting for the development of community system.
