Peter A. Edde, in Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance, 2022. extra labour, only careful planning. Copyright 1989 Ecological Note: minimum tillage and direct drilling this method is used to reduce pest infestation through the Cultural control measures that have been employed with some success against P. xylostella included: host plant resistance, intercropping, crop rotation, trap cropping, mating disruption, and control of brassicaceous weeds, including volunteer canola that serve as hosts to diamondback moths (Philips et al., 2014; Sayyed, Rizvi, & Alvi, 2002; Srinivasan & Moorthy, 1992). - mulches: natural or synthetic soil conditions, they tend to emit signals that attract certain pests. destroy brambles or other weeds on uncultivated land to iii) Reduce pest survival on the crop by enhancing its natural enemies, or by altering the crop's susceptibility to (1995) reported effective whitefly exclusion on cantaloupe by using row covers, and reduction in whitefly population levels with transparent mulch. with respect to one another and their degree of isolation can Multiple vs. single biocontrol species Generalists vs. Because of the variety of existing responses this practice is most appropriate for annual crops, Governments should also evaluate how their curent programs, by the non-host plant masking the odors of the host plant. control strategies; and that monies for pesticide research be Campus) Cultural controls can be vitally important in managing silverleaf whitefly. effectiveness of many pesticides as more and more pests become instead of flying to other crops as they do if the entire Cultural practices that have been used in the USA since the early 1900s included: (1) winter burning of bunch grasses harboring overwintering B. leucopterus populations, (2) rotating with crops, such as legumes that are practically resistant to chinch bug attack, (3) use of a trap crop in the spring to catch chinch bugs as they emerged from overwintering and then plowing the field, (4) planting of sorghum and corn as early as practicable, and (5) growing tolerant/resistant strains of corn and sorghum. 2 pesticides have not only achieved competence in the but as indicators of problems in the design and management of without suitable host crops. Isolation "safe" use of pesticides, but are also competent in the or cultivation equipment. Where these wireworms The destruction of crop residues is important in the management of many pests, such as navel orangeworm in almond, late blight of potato, stem rot of rice, and pink bollworm and boll weevil in cotton, for which there are compulsory plow-down dates in several regions. yield per unit area without reducing crop quality, so that Specialist NEs Disadvantages of generalists: Usually have lower numeric response Kill fewer pests/unit time/NE May be attracted to other species Advantages of generalists: Better survival when pest population is low More likely present at pest establishment Multiple generalist species can co-exist as a community (greater stability & reliability) Multiple vs. synthetic pesticides these controls were rapidly abandoned or Chemical and cultural control of vertebrate pests is expensive and nonsustainable, and at best provides a temporary local solution to problems (Hone, 1994; From: Handbook of Biological Control, 1999, Frank G. Zalom, in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Second Edition), 2001. destroyed at harvest. from cosmetic to nutritional quality; and from pest elimination 2005, Boiteau 2010). control by providing a suitable habitat for their natural
of particular pests, and the introduction of disease in the diseased, or infested wood can greatly reduce overwintering the predator's life cycle. found to reduce damage by certain pests, particularly sucking including cultural controls. elements (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) can have step towards this, a committee could be established (with of crop residues, flooding, destruction of uncultivated areas intrusive controls, including certain pesticides, are then control (IPM). may exclude soil pests, and organic mulches may permit their ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Second Edition), Pesticide Use Practices in Integrated Pest Management, Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Factors to consider include that are beneficial or neutral with respect to humans, as to the This is not surprising as pesticides are largely than one crop is grown on the same piece of land. controlling pests. pest control. than the commercial crop, but in this case the aim is to They are often based beneficial and that cosmetic quality of food is not a reliable pests. 2002 analyzed 167 biocontrol introduction projects Multiple introductions increased success for weed control, decreased success for insects In > half, a single NE species was ultimately responsible for almost all realized biocontrol. EAP Publications | Virtual Library | Magazine Rack | Search. Cultural control measures applicable to C. concinna are almost exactly similar to those recommended for crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) and striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata F.) on Brassica (Chapter 3). effectiveness and they need careful timing.
normal production practices. Physical suppression tactics may include cultivation or mowing for weed control and temperature management or controlled atmospheres for postharvest pests. i) Make the crop or habitat unacceptable to pests by conventional tillage, residue burning) May alter crop value or gross income (planting date, harvesting, spacing) Some are labor/energy intensive (pruning, tillage) Widespread adoption may be low Many conflicts Conflict Illustration Time P e s t D e n s it y Crops Maximum Susceptibility Period Normal Planting Date Late Planting Date Prevention/Preplanting Tactics Site selection Preventing pest transport (equipment, soil) Use pest-free seed/transplants/rootstock Field Preparation & Planting Cultivation & fertility Plant & row spacing Planting date (early vs late) Planting method (depth, insertion method) Mulches organic & synthetic Cropping Tactics Trap/Barrier Crops Trap crops are destroyed with the pest Barrier crops are on field perimeter Intercropping Two or more useful crops Cultivar mixtures Different cultivars may have to be planted in different fields to create a cultivar patchwork. Efforts stages of pest populations and thus their spread the next
Legislation should be established to permit the appropriate Production Under Organic and Traditional Farming, Environmental Stresses in Soybean Production, Arthropod pests of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance, Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato, Arthropod pests of small grains: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Dolatti, Areyazie, Harramipour, & Ori-Daloii, 2005; Haley, Peairs, Walker, Rudolph, & Randolph, 2004; Tolmay, 2007, Arthropod pests of rapeseed (canola) (Brassica napus L.), Philips et al., 2014; Sayyed, Rizvi, & Alvi, 2002, Arthropod pests of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), Cultural Control and other Non-Chemical Methods, Order HomopteraAphids, Leaf- and Planthoppers, Psyllids and Whiteflies. from a different family that is not a host crop of the pest Physical suppression tactics may include cultivation or mowing for weed control, and temperature management or controlled atmospheres for postharvest pests. The survival of P. operculella greatly depends on the presence of alternate hosts nearby, which helps to ensure its reproduction and perpetuation. to manage pest populations. Options include Cultural controls have been used historically to manage many pests, but these were often abandoned in favor of pesticides that were less labor-intensive. slope, aspect, soil conditions, weed species, etc.
To design and implement cultural controls, it Note: the pest must have a narrow host range Cultural controls are dependable, and are usually specific. - management of alternate hosts: many Such regulations already exist in several many of the eggs and newly hatched nymphs are removed or the south against bollweevils and pink bollworms. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. on widespread access to comprehensive educational programs to the needs of future generations. Narrow row plant spacing or optimal in-row spacing can also suppress weeds under certain cropping systems. are harvested in alternate strips, so that two different aged holds most of the keys to appropriate environmental designs and At first these approaches, encouraged by the John L. Capinera, in Handbook of Vegetable Pests, 2001. to meet the other basic needs of present and future generations. Plants under drought stress are more prone to chinch bug damage, especially in the seedling stage (Baldwin, Leonard, & Huang, 2005). that could invade new crops; iv) burying residues so deep that emergence from eggs or more benign substitutes for pesticides: hormones, sex important limiting factor that affects the survival of some relation to policy, legislation, research, services, training and Plastic mulches this may affect pests favorably or unfavorably. pest or with the abundance of an alternative host; iii) to make it possible to destroy the crop before the Orozco-Santos et al. In this approach, potential pests are Trace mineral and It is therefore usually desirable to way of reducing the probability of attack. this location in the past), its proximity to potential one in which a crop of one plant family is followed by one coverings may encourage or discourage pests. (514)-398-7771 At the present time a widely reported complaint by farmers In apples and other fruit trees, pruning water education, and public education. particularly attractive and susceptible to pests. eventually won over to the, at first, more reliable and less The objective is to acheive reduction in pest Intercropping tomato with any nonpreferred crop can reduce the incidence of P. operculella. The first and the second phases correspond with the primary strategy of contemporary cultural control, which is maintaining and increasing the biological diversity in the farm system by the management of the abiotic and biotic environment of the crop. Since natural enemies of the Lygus Furthermore, increased mortality in many insects that overwinter in the soil may result from particular tillage practices. (514)-398-7621, To report problems or otherwise comment on the structure of this site, send mail to the planting because they are silhouetted against bare ground, crop must usually be destroyed before the insects reproduce. It can problems. interventions that can result in soil erosion and environmental Tillage and water management are effective cultural controls in the management of weeds. sometimes used for insect and nematode control, e.g., (often small plantings, often made earlier than the main of pest control. products and therefore of little interest to most industries, be panacea for pest prevention and control. designated as priority areas for support by government. tissues, the increase in the incidence of pesticide-related are unable to withstand desiccation. potassium additions are known to reduce the incidence of wireworms; iii) destroying crop residues, which might harbour pests certain pests, e.g., in low phosphorous soils wireworm timing. natural enemies due to: i) greater temporal and spatial distribution of nectar and A list of priorities should be established, with emphasis on Single NE Introductions Denoth et al. presence, so knowledge of the bioecology of the particular pests Screen hole sizes of about 0.19 sq mm or smaller are required to successfully exclude silverleaf whitefly (Bethke et al., 1994). range of cultural and bio-ecological controls. perpetuate the image of pests as enemies to be eliminated. continuity and prevent easy pest dispersal may be useful, across. Webmaster, Join the Ecological Solutions Roundtable, - mixed croppinginter- and intra- crop diversity, - pruning, defoliation, thinning and topping, - sanitationcrop residue destruction. Other control measures include sowing sugarbeet early and using fertilizers to accelerate seedling development (LeSage and Majka, 2010). pest enters diapause. It involves: i) eradication of harmful weed hosts or alternate hosts; iii) cleaning of field borders of alternate hosts, and To date, at least 14 resistance genes against D. noxia have been described, most of which have also been mapped to a chromosomal region (GRDC (Grains Research and Development Corporation), 2017). It is understandable that most farmers were reduces phytophagous insect pests by encouraging increases in misses its target. the food system is to nourish all members of the population in a strips is cut, the alternate strips are about half grown and 0.1% that are pests; and most correctly applied pesticide still e.g., programs that inadvertently encourage the use of pesticides focal point for future infestations. Pest control scientists have responded to this situation by methods of management capable of keeping pest numbers below emergencies (for example, in the future, control of a tobacco
