doi: 10.2174/1874473708666150107121331. Stress 10, 691696. Participation was voluntary. doi: 10.1177/0269881116675513, Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., and Jesse, R. (2011). Individual differences in phenomenological experience: states of consciousness as a function of absorption. (2004). Though, I didn't realize it at the time. Anomalous/paranormal experiences reported by nurses in relation to their patients in hospitals. The questionnaire measurement of spiritual emergency. These are events that have the potential to change the entire course of your life. doi: 10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.737, Ring, K., and Rosing, C. J. Mills, P. J., Peterson, C. T., Pung, M. A., Patel, S., Weiss, L., Wilson, K. L., et al. The language of altered states. 102, 624632. doi: 10.1016/S0740-5472(97)00211-0. (2012b). Our second hypothesis was tested by performing multiple linear regression between the two independent variables: trait absorption and TLL, as measured with MODTAS and IIPSS, respectively, and each four dependent variables, which present different ways of quantifying the intensity of SSA/SKA: nondual experience, measured with NETI; kundalini awakening, measured with KAS; mystical experience, measured with MEQ30; and altered state of consciousness, measured with the 11D-ASC. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015, Schmidt, T. T., and Prein, J. C. (2019). Spiritual. 32, 103122. Rev. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182979d32, James, W. (1902/1985). Health 5, 175208. 4, 667673. Energy and awakening: a psycho-sexual interpretation of Kundalini awakening. Only one item's mean score, Loss of usual awareness of where you were (item 11), fell beneath 3 (M = 2.76, SD = 1.72), indicating general disagreement with the statement. 33, 257264. While spiritual and kundalini awakenings are no longer considered psychopathological by default (Johnson and Friedman, 2008; Menezes and Moreira-Almeida, 2010), the accurate diagnosis of experiences falling under the Religious or Spiritual Problem category remains challenging, partly because still too little is known about spiritual experiences and how these interact, interlink, or overlap with psychopathology, and partly due to a lack of spiritually-informed clinicians who have a bias towards the pathologisation of extreme anomalous experiences (Menezes and Moreira-Almeida, 2010; Parnas and Henriksen, 2016). Study Relig Nat. Psychol. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2013.808535, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. Revival is happening now, all over the world. Of these, 55.3% identified as female, 42.8% as male, 1.3% as non-binary, and 0.7% as other. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00715.x, De Castro, J. M. (2015). (1993). Fifteen out of 20 items scored higher than 3, indicating general agreement with their corresponding statements. Q. Participants were also advised of their right to withdraw their data from the study at any point until data processing. Dif. J. doi: 10.1007/BF01532646. Whilst this was intentional, the subjective interpretation of these terms may have caused slight inconsistencies during the sampling process of both sets of experiences. 52, 321325. The supposition that SKAs were more likely to produce greater physical and negative effects than SSAs stemmed from the frequent references in transpersonal literature associating subjectively intense, energetic, and often physically challenging awakening experiences to spiritual emergency (Goretzki et al., 2013; St Arnaud and Cormier, 2017; Woollacott et al., 2020). Psychopharmacology 187, 268283. Total scores range from 76 to 532. N. Amer. Cronbach's alpha scores indicate higher internal consistency across all subscales for the SSA/SKA sample (N = 152) (mystical: = 0.94; positive mood: = 0.86; transcendence of time and space: = 0.88; ineffability: = 0.85), in line with previously published figures. doi: 10.1002/da.20656, Chun, C. A., and Hup, J. M. (2016). As you seek healing and guidance, you are clearing out negative thought patterns and making room for divine knowledge and wisdom to flow through. You will also develop an awareness of the ego as separate from yourself, and acknowledge a greater energy at work within this universe. Strongest similarities were observed between SSA/SKAs and DMT complete mystical experiences, where SSA/SKAs scored higher in spiritual experience, blissful state, insightfulness, impaired cognition, anxiety, synaesthesia, complex imagery, and changed meaning; and DMT complete mystical experiences scored higher than SSA/SKAs in simple imagery, disembodiment, and unity experience. The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Hypn. Reported regularly practised activities before and after the participants' most powerful SSA/SKA. Arch. 24, 343351. Progr. This can be through attending spiritual centers of worship, reading sacred texts or doing research on other religions. Experiences of spiritual awakening, whether gradual or sudden, intentionally induced or spontaneous, typically evoke an ineffable sense of deep inner knowing, understanding, remembering, or unveiling of one's true nature, as well as experiences of peace and equanimity, bliss, ecstasy and aliveness, feelings of awe, sacredness, gratitude and reverence, and of abundant, unconditional love (James, 1902/1985; Stace, 1960; Pahnke and Richards, 1966; Hood, 1975; Lukoff et al., 1995; Griffiths et al., 2006, 2008, 2011; Taylor, 2012; Taylor and Egeto-Szabo, 2017). The Self Does Not Die: Verified Paranormal Phenomena from Near-Death Experiences. Awakening experiences do not appear, therefore, to be mediated by the subject's spiritual or religious context (Perry, 1974; Lukoff, 1985; Taylor, 2012), as is further illustrated by the responses of 1,509 American participants to a Gallup survey from 2002, to which a staggering 41%projecting to 80 million American adultsfully identified with the statement I have had a profound religious experience or awakening that changed the direction of my life, 25% of whom reported having no religious preference (Gallup, 2003). DMT models the near-death experience. (1966). (2009).
The process of spiritual awakening brings about personal transformation and a shift in ones worldview. doi: 10.1007/s11920-010-0117-7. Lord send revival and start the work in me! doi: 10.1177/0269881116675512. The authors would also like to thank the University of Greenwich for their support in making this project possible. 38, 559571. Dissoc.
1, 292307. This speculation is partially supported by the reported significant factors that participants felt led them to have the experience, in that yoga practice was more commonly reported in the SKA group compared to the SSA group, and no discernible trigger was more commonly reported in the SSA group compared to the SKA group. First, participants were asked to retrospectively recall their most powerful SSA/SKA, a method which may be vulnerable to error. PsyCh J. (2005). Whilst both terms are interchangeable and clearly overlap, kundalini awakenings are typically associated with greater physical and energetic symptoms than general spiritual awakenings (Sanches and Daniels, 2008; De Castro, 2015; Lockley, 2019). Furthermore, an increased value of MODTAS predicted an increased score for all DVs, whereas the sign of prediction changed for IIPSS (i.e., negative for NETI and MEQ30). Parra, A., and Gimenez Amarilla, P. (2016). 11, 675683. Table 3. Exp. The participants' reported religious/spiritual belief was 63.2% spiritual but not religious, 5.3% Christian, 5.3% Hindu, 2.6% Agnostic, 2% Buddhist, 2% Muslim, 1.3% Atheist, 0.7% Jewish, and 17.8% other, of which 2% identified as Omnist. Keywords: spirituality, mystical experience, altered states of consciousness, mental health, epilepsy, absorption, DMT, psilocybin, Citation: Corneille JS and Luke D (2021) Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Well-Being. J. Clin. Some of the common features of spiritual and kundalini awakenings have also been reported by TLE experiencers, including strong sensations of a cosmic, divine, or God-like presence or energy, and a sense of being connected with the infinite (oneness) (Zohar and Marshall, 2000; Hyde, 2004; Dolgoff-Kaspar et al., 2011). Schizophr. All data was collected using Qualtrics survey software. Psychiatry Clin. J. 6, 241245. Psychol. Psychol. Spontaneous Spiritual and Kundalini Awakenings IIPSS scores measuring TLL symptoms (N = 148) were compared to scores from the published normal population (N = 115) (Roberts, 1999). Mem.
Psychol. Radar chart comparing the mean subscale scores of the 11-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (11D-ASC; Studerus et al., 2010) for the participants of this study (SSA/SKA; N = 152) and for non-drug induced altered states of consciousness (ASCs) produced by the floatation tank (Floatation; 60 min; N = 27; Luke et al., 2019); Holotropic Breathwork (Breathwork; 60 min; N = 23; Luke et al., 2019); anechoic darkroom (Darkroom; 120 min; N = 46; Luke et al., 2018); and ganzfeld environment (Ganzfeld; 25 min; N = 22; Schmidt and Prein, 2019). As these wounds are revealed, you'll feel compelled to seek support through the form of traditional therapy, spiritual guidance, coaching services and spiritual healing practices. Finally, it is important to consider that Cronbach's alpha scores for 3 of the 11D-ASC subscales were somewhat lower than previously published figures, and internal consistency was therefore not as robust as the authors would have expected. The role of absorption in various religious phenomena. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in the KAS subscales of involuntary positionings [t(150) = 4.21, p < 0.001, mean difference = 1.24] and physical symptoms [t(150) = 4.50, p < 0.001, mean difference = 0.91]. Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin. doi: 10.1037/cns0000026, Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., et al. COMPETITION Neuroscientific and psychological research has explored some of the phenomenological and neurobiological underpinnings of drug and non-drug induced ASCs, and has explored the links between the spiritual characteristics of ASCs and the symptoms of TLE and of trait absorption. The plausibility of spiritual intelligence: spiritual experience, problem solving and neural sites. The hypothesis that SKAs score higher in physical and negative symptoms than SSAs, was therefore introduced to help better identify the subtle differences between both types of spontaneous awakening experiences. Hyde, B. Grof, S. (2019). Abuse 7, 6779. Traditional texts from the tantra and yoga lineages, such as the Paratrisika Vivarana and Yoga Kundalini Upanishad, discuss the attainment of spiritual and kundalini awakenings through asana (yogic movements), mudra (hand postures), pranayama (breathwork and breath retention), bandhas (body locks), and the manipulation of the ojas (libido energy) through the act of brahmacarya (celibacy or chastity) (Mallinson, 2011; Sovatsky, 2014; Parker, 2018). (2016). I was going through a gradual and subtle process of spiritual awakening. The scale has been used to help identify partial seizure-like symptoms, characteristic of TLE. (2005). (2016). 55, 346382. doi: 10.1080/15332640802081968, Khanna, S., and Greeson, J. M. (2013). doi: 10.24972/ijts.2017.36.2.30. The myths in mental illness. Mean scores ranged from 28.67 (SD = 26.85) for anxiety to 78.77 (SD = 26.45) for blissful state. Psychiatr. In depth comparative tests should also be conducted to understand how SSAs and SKAs correlate with well-being outcomes in both short and long terms. The four items relating to negative experience (4, 8, 14, and 16) scored the lowest (when reversed scoring was not applied). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.125, Perona-Garceln, S., Bellido-Zanin, G., Rodrguez-Testal, J. F., Lpez-Jimnez, A. M., Garca-Montes, J. M., and Ruiz-Veguilla, M. (2016). Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function. doi: 10.1037/10004-000. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Int. Exploring awakening experiences: a study of awakening experiences in terms of their triggers, characteristics, duration and after effects. For others it is a gradual and subtle shift. Percept. 15, 169182. ASC, altered states of consciousness; SKA, spontaneous kundalini awakening; SSA, spontaneous spiritual awakening; SSA/SKA, spontaneous spiritual awakening and spontaneous kundalini awakening; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; TLL, temporal lobe lability. 50, 5969. Psychol. What then is revival? is a complete loss of one's sense of self or subjective self-identity. Parallels have been drawn between spiritual and kundalini awakenings and psychopathologies such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (Lukoff, 1985; Oxman et al., 1988; Johnson and Friedman, 2008) both by psychiatrists (Menezes and Moreira-Almeida, 2010) and transpersonal psychologists (Lukoff, 1985; Lukoff et al., 1998; Grof and Grof, 2017), though attempts have been made to separate both sets of experiences. Stud. doi: 10.1007/BF01074276. Luke, D., Timmermann, C., Kaelen, M., Schwartman, D., Bell-Langford, B., Tollan, A., et al. Goretzki, M., Storm, L., and Thalbourne, M. A. doi: 10.1558/jsrnc.v3i3.303, Terhune, D. B., Luke, D. P., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A., Nutt, D., et al.
Figure 1 shows the histogram of both score distributions, which reveals that mean scores from the SSA/SKA sample were higher than those from the normal population, the largest differences being present in the high score range. Psychol. Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. Spirituality-based recovery from drug addiction in the twelve-step fellowship of narcotics anonymous. Hypnotizability, creative capacity, creativity styles, absorption, and phenomenological experience during hypnosis. doi: 10.1007/s00426-018-1031-6, McClintock, C. H., Lau, E., and Miller, L. (2016). (1964). Spiritual awakening predicts improved drinking outcomes in a Polish treatment sample. 17, 924. Epilepsia 52, 640644. The highest scoring item was An interest in clearly seeing the reality or truth about myself, the world, and others, rather than in feeling a particular way (M = 4.51, SD = 0.72), and the lowest scoring item was A sense of fear or anxiety that inhibits my actions (M = 2.26, SD = 1.06) (Table 2). Bar chart comparing the mean subscale scores of the Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale (MODTAS; Jamieson, 2005) for the published normal population (Norms; N = 352; Jamieson, 2005) and for the participants of this study (SSA/SKA; N = 152). The detailed results for all 76 items are provided in the Supplementary Material. J. The score magnitude observed across most subscales in the SSA/SKA sample relative to those of all measured drug ASCs, also suggests that SSA/SKAs are more powerful ASCs than all measured drug ASCs, including powerful psychedelic drugs. Rev. 38, 2150. (1997). 41, 8197. Because of this, it is assumed that spiritual emergencies may more frequently occur in cases of sudden or spontaneous awakening (St Arnaud and Cormier, 2017), and outside of a religious or spiritual context (Taylor, 2013). Anthropol. A., Kihlstrom, J. F., and McConkey, K. M. (1991). 1-adrenergic receptors contribute to the acute effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. (2008). Psychol. LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers. A systematic comparison of creativity, personality, cognition, and mental imagery in synesthetes and controls. (2010). J. Clin. Psilocybin-Induced Altered States of Consciousness: Tolerability, Assessment, and Prediction. Hunt, H. T. (2000). 7:1600. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01600, McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. Jr. (1983). Psychol. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.11.011, Galanter, M. (2008). 3, ed K. A. Jacobsen (Leiden: Brill Publishers), 770781. 21, 244252. Development of a spiritual emergency scale. DL designed the research, analysed the data and reviewed the paper. Studerus, E., Gamma, A., Kometer, M., and Vollenweider, F. X. The measure is composed of four subscales: sensory; cognitive; affective; nocturnal, but has been used as a unitary scale for the purpose of this study. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012412. The measure is composed of 11 subscales: experience of unity (5 items); spiritual experience (3 items); blissful state (3 items); insightfulness (3 items); disembodiment (3 items); impaired control and cognition (7 items); anxiety (6 items); complex imagery (3 items); elementary imagery (3 items); audio-visual synaesthesia (3 items); changed meaning of percepts (3 items). Hypnos. Evaluation of a residential Kundalini yoga lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. Overwhelming feelings of love - God is love. Rader, C. M., and Tellegen, A. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02957.x. No published figures are available for internal consistency or construct validity. In conclusion, the phenomenological differences between SSAs and SKAs were significant in physical but not in negative experiences, and both personality trait absorption and TLL were positively associated with the intensity of SSA/SKAs, indicating them as good predictors of the overall experience. The settling of this energy at the crown of the head is said to provoke experiences of spiritual ecstasy, or enlightenment (Taylor, 2013, 2015; Taylor and Egeto-Szabo, 2017; Woollacott et al., 2020). Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale was a significant predictor (B = 1.12, p < 0.001), but the IIPSS was not (B = 0.41, p = 0.02). Recent studies have indicated the links between TLL and mystical experiences occasioned by drug and non-drug induced ASCs (Luke et al., 2018, 2019). Cronbach's alpha indicates good internal consistency scores across most subscales in the SSA/SKA sample (N = 152), apart from three subscales, which showed somewhat lower internal consistency than previously published figures [experience of unity: = 0.89; spiritual experience: = 0.57 (3 items: < 0.70); blissful state: = 0.86; insightfulness: = 0.66 (3 items: < 0.70); disembodiment: = 0.84; impaired control and cognition: = 0.82; anxiety: = 0.87; complex imagery: = 0.55 (3 items: < 0.70); elementary imagery: = 0.88; audio-visual synaesthesia: = 0.87; changed meaning of percepts: = 0.76].
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