In Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties have records of massacres, with 15 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 county annals record massacres, with 6 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000. [15] A tsunami did occur on the Peruvian coast. [citation needed] Quotation songs, in which Mao's quotations were set to music, were also particularly popular during the early years of the Cultural Revolution. Mao wanted to use Deng as a counterweight to the military faction in government to suppress any remaining influence of those formerly loyal to Lin Biao. The Peruvian government stated that 519 people were killed by the quake. [1987] (1987). Red Guards also laid siege to the Soviet, French and Indonesian embassies and torched the Mongolian ambassadors car. Mobo Gao, writing in The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution, argues that the movement benefited millions of Chinese citizens, particularly agricultural and industrial workers,[150]:1 and sees it as egalitarian and genuinely populist, citing continued Maoist nostalgia in China today as remnants of its positive legacy. Three events in particular contributed to this. Its excesses damaged the credibility of these activists for more than a generation in the eyes of Hong Kong residents. [210] Mao's suspicions of those around him in power also reflected his longstanding concerns with the decline of revolutionary spirit and the potential rise of a new class-stratified society arising as the popular revolutionary movement of the party transformed into a socialist bureaucracy to govern. [97], Violent Struggles, or Wudou (), were factional conflicts (mostly among Red Guards and "rebel groups") which began in Shanghai and then spread to other areas of China in 1967. [13]:317, The prospect of war elevated the PLA to greater prominence in domestic politics, increasing the stature of Lin Biao at the expense of Mao. Deadly quakes struck Pakistan, Philippines, China and Iran. Not deaths per capita, as in the percentage of the population. [174] There were many types of posters, the two main genres being the big-character poster (; dazibao) and "commercial" propaganda poster (; xuanchuanhua). [158] Mobile film units brought the cinema to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of cultural during this period, particularly including revolutionary model operas. The power-seizure movement was rearing its head in the military as well. [13]:1419, In December, Defence Minister and Mao loyalist Lin Biao accused General Luo Ruiqing, the chief of staff of the PLA, of being anti-Mao, alleging that Luo put too much emphasis on military training rather than Maoist "political discussion." You have been involved in the Cultural Revolution for two years: struggle-criticism-transformation. [13]:6264, The work teams were hastily dispatched and had a poor understanding of student sentiment. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. Mao would deliver his final blow to Peng Zhen at a high-profile Politburo meeting through loyalists Kang Sheng and Chen Boda. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on the list. 20 people were killed and some damage was caused. It has been reported that the tsunami reached as high as 5m (16ft) in the zone of Lagunillas in Pisco neighbourhood's town Paracas, with a maximum height of 10.05m (33.0ft) in Yumaque. [145] There were also very significant achievements in both science and technology. Date Country and location M w Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties; Dead Injured; 4 Japan, off the south coast of Honshu 6.2: 50.0: VI 5 Indonesia, off the west coast of Sumatra 6.0: 30.1: 7 Yugoslavia, Dalmatia, Croatia 6.2: 15.0: VIII In the first of the 1962 Makarska earthquakes, 4 people were killed and some damage was caused.A few days later another event struck in an "[13]:46 The only way to identify these people was through "the telescope and microscope of Mao Zedong Thought. One of these documents, released on May 16, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning:[13]:3940, Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists. Some homes collapsed. [citation needed], At the time, Jiang Qing and associates held effective control of mass media and the party's propaganda network, while Zhou and Deng held control of most government organs. Meanwhile, in September 1972, Mao transferred a 38-year-old cadre from Shanghai, Wang Hongwen, to Beijing and made him Vice-Chairman of the Party. of individuals were lost due to Mao's arrogance. Or in the final analysis, arm the working class and attack the committees, but not with children. [18]:195 During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and rapidly expanded. [14], In late 1959, historian and Beijing Deputy Mayor Wu Han published a historical drama entitled Hai Rui Dismissed from Office. On May 25, under the guidance of Cao Yi'ou[zh]wife of Maoist henchman Kang ShengNie Yuanzi, a philosophy lecturer at Peking University, authored a big-character poster (; dzbo) along with other leftists and posted it to a public bulletin. [12], The Great Leap's failure reduced Mao's prestige within the CCP. Brookings Institution Press. Of the 667 deaths in 1965, most came from an event in Chile in March which had 400 fatalities. Large numbers of people perceived to be "monsters and demons" regardless of guilt or innocence were publicly denounced, humiliated, and beaten. Deng Xiaoping was sent away for a period of re-education three times and was eventually sent to work in an engine factory in Jiangxi province. Between 1968 and 1979, 17millions of China's urban youths left for the countryside, and being in the rural areas also deprived them the opportunity of higher education. [13]:1419 While the "literary battle" against Peng raged, Mao fired Yang Shangkundirector of the CCP General Office, an organ that controlled internal communicationson a series of unsubstantiated charges, installing in his stead staunch loyalist Wang Dongxing, head of Mao's security detail. A booklet titled "Four Hundred Films to be Criticized" was distributed, and film directors and actors/actresses were criticized with some tortured and imprisoned. Rather than focus on the horrific consequences of his leadership, newspapers make excuses by describing that revolutions typically have a brutal side and are unable to be viewed from the "humanitarian perspective." Il est noter galement qu'il est difficile de raliser des bilans car certaines catastrophes peuvent en engendrer d'autres. 18 people were killed. Despite his gruesome actions, during the anniversary of his birth, many people within China are left viewing Mao as a godlike figure and refer to him as "the people's great savior." The earthquake's epicenter was 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the town of Komo.The maximum felt intensity was IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. 15 people were killed and some property damage was caused. Young people from the cities were forcibly moved to the countryside, where they were forced to abandon all forms of standard education in place of the propaganda teachings of the CCP. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. On March 25, 1976, Shanghai's Wen Hui Bao published an article calling Zhou "the capitalist roader inside the Party [who] wanted to help the unrepentant capitalist roader [Deng] regain his power." [194] These sentiments also increased following the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999 when a segment of the population began to associate anti-Maoist viewpoints with the United States. The event did not appear to have coordinated leadership but rather seemed to be a reflection of public sentiment. Many communities were assigned production of a single commoditysteel. In May 1968, Mao launched the massive "Cleansing the Class Ranks" political purge in mainland China. These include China's relationship with the global Communist movement, geopolitical concerns, the ideological rift between China and the Soviet Union, Khrushchev's ouster, and the failures of the Great Leap Forward. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; [150]:32, After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, both liberals and conservatives within the CCP accused each other of excesses that they claimed were reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution. [95][96][97] Most of the victims in the massacres were members of the Five Black Categories as well as their children, or members of the "rebel groups ()". Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the Chairman. [128]:9 Only eight were left intact by the end of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, there have been concerted efforts to reduce the extraordinary complexity of the Cultural Revolution to the simplicity almost exclusively of barbarism, violence, and human suffering. [18][148][149] In the post-Mao period, many of those forcibly moved attacked the policy as a violation of their human rights. Find latest news from every corner of the globe at Reuters.com, your online source for breaking international news coverage. The implications of the Sixteen Points were far-reaching. [13]:296, Mao's efforts at re-organizing party and state institutions generated mixed results. On August 1, the Eleventh Plenum of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was hastily convened to advance Mao's now decidedly radical agenda. Space-Time Migration of Earthquakes Along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Seismic Gaps. Many people who were indicted as counter-revolutionaries died by suicide. [13]:214, The Gang of Four's Zhang Chunqiao, himself, admitted that the most crucial factor in the Cultural Revolution was not the Red Guards or the Cultural Revolution Group or the "rebel worker" organisations, but the side on which the PLA stood. ; 1983 Six robbers broke into a Brink's-Mat warehouse at Heathrow The leaders of China at the time denied that there were any illiteracy problems from the start. [114][86], In Inner Mongolia incident, official sources in 1980 stated that 346,000 people were wrongly arrested, over 16,000 were persecuted to death or executed, and over 81,000 were permanently disabled. Vanuatu had a series of destructive events in August. [16]:20709, While revolutionaries dismantled ruling government and party organizations all over the country, because power seizures lacked centralized leadership, it was no longer clear who truly believed in Mao's revolutionary vision and who was opportunistically exploiting the chaos for their own gain. Unlike the political movement of the 1950s that squarely targeted intellectuals, the new movement was focused on established party cadres, many of whom were part of the work teams. The Papua New Guinea earthquake was a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that occurred in the Hela Province of Papua New Guinea on 26 February 2018 (25 February UTC), at 3:44 a.m. local time (25 February, 17:44 UTC). Mao declared the Revolution over in 1969, but the Revolution's active phase would last until at least 1971, when Lin Biao, accused of a botched coup against Mao, fled and died in a plane crash. Chen's resistance was the last major open display of opposition to the movement within the PLA. [13]:381, Much like the post-Great Leap restructuring led by Liu Shaoqi, Deng streamlined the railway system, steel production, and other vital areas of the economy. With army backing and the support of Marshal Ye Jianying, on October 6, the Special Unit 8341 had all members of the Gang of Four arrested in a bloodless coup. [11] Many of Lin's supporters sought refuge in Hong Kong; those who remained on the mainland were purged. [95][119], In the Li Chuli case of Hebei, Li, the former deputy director of Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party, was purged in 1968 and implicated around 80,000 people, 2,955 of whom were persecuted to death. [138]:176, Academics and intellectuals were regarded as the "Stinking Old Ninth" and were widely persecuted. New York: Cambria Press. In 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his policies, and began implementing post-Stalinist economic reforms. On October 10, Deng Xiaoping personally wrote a letter to Hua asking to be transferred back to state and party affairs; party elders also called for Deng's return. Traditional operas were banned as they were considered feudalistic and bourgeois, but revolutionary opera, which is based on Peking opera but modified in both content and form, was promoted. Don't get scammed this holiday season. [60] Some people were not able to stand the torture and, losing hope for the future, committed suicide. Maximum intensities are indicated on the Mercalli intensity scale and are sourced from United States Geological Survey (USGS) ShakeMap data. It also separated Mao's personal mistakes from the correctness of the theory that he created, going as far as to rationalize that the Cultural Revolution contravened the spirit of Mao Zedong Thought, which remains an official guiding ideology of the CCP. [61][62], It became increasingly clear to Hua that, without Deng Xiaoping, it was difficult to continue daily affairs of state. Red Guards also laid siege to the Temple of Confucius in Shandong province,[13]:119 and numerous other historically significant tombs and artifacts. [16][4], The Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning, projecting that waves higher than 20cm (7.9in) could reach Japan's northern island, Hokkaid, on Thursday, August 16, around 19:00 UTC (Friday, 04:00 JST).[17]. "[189] Seventy-eight percent of survey participants expressed nostalgia for the Cultural Revolution. [95][111][113] Researchers have pointed out that the nationwide death toll in violent struggles ranges from 300,000 to 500,000.[114][86][95]. The earthquake was also felt in the capital Lima, where the quake broke windows in downtown sectors of the city, as well as various other Peruvian cities, including Pucallpa, Iquitos, Contamana, Trujillo and Cajamarca. [13]:137 After the conference, Liu, once a powerful moderate pundit of the ruling class, was placed under house arrest in Beijing, then sent to a detention camp, where he was denied medical treatment and died in 1969. 2 people were killed and major damage was caused. In addition to the purge of Chen, Mao asked Lin's principal generals to write self-criticisms on their political positions as a warning to Lin. [123] After the Cultural Revolution was over, the government gave reparations for the Shadian Incident, including the erection of a Martyr's Memorial in Shadian. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on the list. 1965 Valparaso earthquake and the El Cobre dam failures, "Significant Earthquake: ALGERIA: M'SILA", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: SHANXI PROVINCE", "Significant Earthquake: INDONESIA: SANANA ISLAND", "M 8.7 - Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "Significant Earthquake: ALASKA: ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: RAT ISLANDS", "Tsunami Event: RAT ISLANDS, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, AK", "M 7.3 - Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "M 6.5 - Near Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "M 7.0 - near the coast of Antofagasta, Chile", "M 6.2 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.7 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: GREECE: ALONISOS, SKOPELOS", "M 7.7 - Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "Significant Earthquake: GREECE: SOUTHERN", "M 6.0 - near the south coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: JAPAN: AICHI, SHIZOUKA PREFECTURES", "M 6.7 - SeattleTacoma urban area, Washington", "M 6.7 - Seattle-Tacoma urban area, Washington", "Significant Earthquake: WASHINGTON: SEATTLE", "Significant Earthquake: EL SALVADOR: SAN MARCOS", "M 6.2 - Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: HADJIABAD, SARKHUN, SARCHAHAN", "M 7.8 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "Significant Earthquake: ALASKA: ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: FOX ISLANDS", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: YUNNAN PROVINCE", "Significant Earthquake: NORTH CORINTH GULF", "M 6.8 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "M 6.5 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: VANUATU ISLANDS", "M 6.8 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.0 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.8 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "M 6.3 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: XINJIANG PROVINCE", "M 6.7 - off the coast of Jalisco, Mexico", "M 6.3 - eastern New Guinea region, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.0 - off the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_1965&oldid=1120184814, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 8 people were killed and 55 more were injured. [11], Mao became depressed and reclusive after the Lin Biao incident. Hundreds of thousands to millions of civilians, Red Guards and military deaths (exact number not known). It is clearly evident that Mao went to extreme measures to conquer power. For exact dates and live earthquakes please visit USGS's Global Earthquake Search Page and Real-time Earthquake Map or EMSC's Real-time Seismicity. 1 person was killed and 4 were hurt. "Delayed contention with the Chinese Marxist scapegoat complex: re-membering Tibetan Buddhism in the PRC. 200 people were killed and 58 were injured in a. Hua Guofeng engaged in self-criticism and called his "Two Whatevers" a mistake. In the late 1960s, China experienced a period of strained relations with some of its neighbours, notably with the Soviet Union and India. However, the party's core became heavily dominated by Cultural Revolution beneficiaries and leftist radicals, whose focus remained to uphold ideological purity over economic productivity. Some hold that the Cultural Revolution 'cleansed' China from superstitions, religious dogma, and outdated traditions in a 'modernist transformation' that later made Deng's economic reforms possible. 6 deaths were caused as well as some property damage. Hua had been widely considered to be lacking in political skill and ambitions, and seemingly posed no serious threat to the Gang of Four in the race for succession. The term "young intellectuals" was used to refer to recently graduated college students. [32]:73, Although being undertaken by some of the Revolution's enthusiastic followers, the destruction of historical relics was never formally sanctioned by the Communist Party, whose official policy was instead to protect such items. More replica mangoes were created, and the replicas were sent on tour around Beijing and elsewhere in China. Mitrokhin, Vasili. [13]:353 According to official sources, sensing the reduction of Lin's power base and his declining health, Lin's supporters plotted to use the military power still at their disposal to oust Mao in a coup. [13]:5658, Mao promptly endorsed Nie's dazibao as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China." "The East Is Red", especially, became popular; it de facto supplanted "March of the Volunteers" as the national anthem of China, though the latter was restored to its previous place after the Cultural Revolution ended. 24 people were killed and 200 were injured. [178]:98. The largest of the year was a magnitude 8.7 which struck the Rat Islands, Alaska in February. In Yunnan Province, the palace of the Dai people's king was torched, and a massacre of Muslim Hui people at the hands of the PLA in Yunnan, known as the Shadian incident, reportedly claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975. [13]:47, Mao went on to publicly denounce revisionism in April 1960. [120][121][122], The Cultural Revolution wreaked much havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities in China. Subsequently, Gen. Chen Zaidao was sent to Beijing and tried by Jiang Qing and the rest of the Cultural Revolution Group. "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is now a law Chinese scholars have estimated that at least 300,000 people died in these massacres. 100 homes collapsed. They hoped that by allowing Lin to ease into a constitutionally sanctioned role, whether Chairman or Vice-Chairman, Lin's succession would be institutionalized. "Magnitudes and Moments of Earthquakes" by K. Abe in "Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants" edited by T. J. Ahrens. A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck offshore of, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 23:59. Some are still trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons like Khrushchev for example, who are still nestling beside us. [208] Barnouin and Yu summarized the Cultural Revolution as "a political movement that produced unprecedented social divisions, mass mobilization, hysteria, upheavals, arbitrary cruelty, torture, killings, and even civil war", calling Mao "one of the most tyrannical despots of the twentieth century". During the Red August 1966, in Beijing alone 1,772 people were murdered, many of the victims were teachers who were attacked and even killed by their own students. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Property damage was $2.4 million (1968 rate). Instead of dying, he developed paraplegia. At the plenum, Mao showed outright disdain for Liu, repeatedly interrupting Liu as he delivered his opening day speech. [128]:9 There were an estimated 600,000 monks and nuns in Tibet in 1950, and by 1979, most of them were dead, imprisoned or had disappeared. [54]:612 Many of those arrested were later sentenced to prison. The groups fought over the control of the city. In July, senior Party leaders convened at the scenic Mount Lu to discuss policy. [15] Known as Red Guards, these organizations originally arose in schools and universities and later arose in factories and other institutions. [13]:366 Its stated goals were to purge China of new Confucianist thinking and denounce Lin Biao's actions as traitorous and regressive. There was a large resurgence in activity in 1968. Written mainly by educated youth such as Liu Xinhua, Zhang Xianliang, and Liu Xinwu, scar literature depicted the Revolution from a negative viewpoint, using their own perspectives and experiences as a basis. People were encouraged to criticize cultural institutions and to question their parents and teachers, which had been strictly forbidden in traditional Chinese culture. Hua Guofeng chaired the Funeral Committee and delivered the memorial speech. [35] It was the only time during the Cultural Revolution that Mao met and addressed the student leaders directly. The formation of rival revolutionary groups, some manifestations of long-established local feuds, led to factional violent struggles across the country. [96][98] Collective killings in Guangxi Province and Guangdong Province were among the most serious. However, Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan continued their denunciation of Wu Han and Peng Zhen. 19661976 Maoist sociopolitical movement in China, This article is about the Chinese sociocultural movement. At the congress, Deng called for "a liberation of thoughts" and urged the party to "seek truth from facts" and abandon ideological dogma. I asked [the workers] how to solve the armed fighting in the universities, and told them to go there to have a look. [13]:357 Wang, a former factory worker from a peasant background,[13]:357 was seemingly being groomed for succession. Deng remained the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, but formal power was transferred to a new generation of pragmatic reformers, who reversed Cultural Revolution policies to a large extent during the Boluan Fanzheng period. "M 6.2 - near the south coast of western Honshu, Japan", "M 6.2 - Croatia-Bosnia and Herzegovina border region", "Significant Earthquake: BALKANS NW: CROATIA", "M 6.3 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia", "M 6.9 - Maug Islands region, Northern Mariana Islands", "Significant Earthquake: COSTA RICA-PANAMA", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: GUANGDONG PROVINCE", "M 6.4 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: MUSSAVIEH", "M 7.3 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "M 6.4 - near the coast of northern Peru", "Significant Earthquake: PERU: CASMA,HUARAZ,QUIRUVILCA,TRUJILLO", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: YUNNAN PROVINCE", "M 6.1 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: JAPAN: HONSHU: SENDAI", "M 7.1 - Kepulauan Barat Daya, Indonesia", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: QINGHAI PROVINCE", "M 6.1 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: BALKANS NW: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA", "M 6.6 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: COLOMBIA: MISTRATO, MANIZALES", "M 6.3 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: CHINA: XINJIANG", "M 6.0 - near the south coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: BUYIN-ZARA", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: GAHKOM,GOLRUIYEH,PATKUIYEH,LAIGAZAN,GANJ", "M 6.4 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "M 6.5 - Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska", "M 6.7 - Komandorskiye Ostrova, Russia region", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_1962&oldid=1120184758, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [199], Adversaries of Mao Zedong look at the actions that occurred under his leadership from a different point of view. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. In August, the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing, officially naming (in ranking order) Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian and Wang Dongxing as new members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The year was characterized by fairly moderate activity. In terms of his public image, they are also content with depicting him as innately evil. The event caught the party leadership off guard: the concept that Lin could betray Mao de-legitimized a vast body of Cultural Revolution political rhetoric and by extension, Mao's absolute authority, as Lin was already enshrined into the Party Constitution as Mao's "closest comrade-in-arms" and "successor." [13]:5658 Nie insinuated that the university leadership, much like Peng Zhen, were trying to contain revolutionary fervour in a "sinister" attempt to oppose the party and advance revisionism. The majority of writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and therefore persecuted, many were subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they may be publicly humiliated and ravaged, and may also be imprisoned or sent to be reformed through hard labour. Mao confronted Chen openly, denouncing him as a "false Marxist,"[13]:332 and removed him from the Politburo Standing Committee. At the rally, Party leaders told the masses assembled to 'not be afraid' and bravely take charge of the movement themselves, free of Party interference. "[19] This decision defined the Cultural Revolution as "a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a deeper and more extensive stage in the development of the socialist revolution in our country:"[20]. [13]:292. Le nombre de victimes est souvent indicatif, en effet, il peut varier en fonction des sources. Hua used this message to substantiate his position as successor. [160], In 1966, Jiang Qing put forward the Theory of the Dictatorship of the Black Line in Literature and Arts where those perceived to be bourgeois, anti-socialist or anti-Mao "black line" should be cast aside, and called for the creation of new literature and arts. [13]:110, At the Red Guard rallies, Lin Biao also called for the destruction of the "Four Olds"; namely, old customs, culture, habits, and ideas. ; 1852 A massive earthquake struck the Dutch East Indies, creating a tsunami that washed away villages, ships and residents. The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. [13]:94 For several days, Mao repeatedly insinuated that the CCP's leadership had contravened his revolutionary vision. Scholarly studies on memory writings and documentaries of the Mao years, victimhood narratives, perpetrator studies, ethics of bearing witness to atrocities. This was especially important as minorities make up a large percentage of the population that live along China's borders. Meanwhile, tens of millions of people were persecuted: senior officials, most notably Chinese president Liu Shaoqi, along with Deng Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai, and He Long, were purged or exiled; millions were accused of being members of the Five Black Categories, suffering public humiliation, imprisonment, torture, hard labor, seizure of property, and sometimes execution or harassment into suicide; intellectuals were considered the "Stinking Old Ninth" and were widely persecutednotable scholars and scientists such as Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin, and Zhao Jiuzhang were killed or committed suicide. The vast majority of this total was caused by a destructive event in Iran in August with nearly 10,500 deaths. [137], The effects of the Cultural Revolution directly or indirectly touched essentially all of China's population. [citation needed]. [151] Some counties in Zhanjiang had illiteracy rates as high as 41% some 20 years after the revolution. The proletariat must do just the opposite: It must meet head-on every challenge of the bourgeoisie to change the outlook of society. [25] Other aspects of Red Guard activities were more destructive, particularly in the realms of culture and religion. In response, Lin Biao issued a directive for the army to aid the radicals. Assassination attempts were alleged to have been made against Mao in Shanghai, from September 8 to 10, 1971. [13]:5961 By early June, throngs of young demonstrators lined the capital's major thoroughfares holding giant portraits of Mao, beating drums, and shouting slogans against his perceived enemies. 1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes, "Significant Earthquake: NICARAGUA: MANAGUA", "M 7.3 - New Ireland region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: NEW IRELAND", "Significant Earthquake: GREECE: AEGEAN SEA: ST EUSTRATIOS", "Significant Earthquake: ALGERIA: EL ALEN (BABORD)", "M 6.3 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: KENYA: HOMA BAY, USIRI, GOT KOKECH", "Significant Earthquake: JAPAN: KYUSHU, SHIKOKU", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: MAKU,SHAH BANDALU,QURTA BOLAGH,QONDEQLI", "M 8.2 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: JAPAN: OFF EAST COAST OF HONSHU ISLAND", "Tsunami Event: OFF EAST COAST OF HONSHU ISLAND", "M 6.5 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "M 6.3 - near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: NEW ZEALAND: SOUTH ISLAND: NW COAST", "M 6.6 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "M 7.5 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia", "M 7.0 - off the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: PERU: SAN MARTIN,MOYOBAMBA,YANTALO,RIOJA,LAMAS", "M 6.1 - near the south coast of Honshu, Japan", "Significant Earthquake: KERMADEC ISLANDS: S OF, RAOUL", "M 6.2 - near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia", "M 6.5 - near the coast of northern Peru", "Significant Earthquake: PHILIPPINES: LUZON: MANILA", "Significant Earthquake: MEXICO: OAXACA, GUERRERO", "Significant Earthquake: INDONESIA: MOLUCCA ISLANDS: MANADO, CELEBES", "Significant Earthquake: IRAN: DASHT-E-BAYAZ", "Significant Earthquake: TURKEY: BARTIN, AMASRA, CAKRAZ", "M 6.3 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.8 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "M 6.1 - New Britain region, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: VENEZUELA: CARUPANO", "M 6.2 - off the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand", "Significant Earthquake: MEXICO-GUATEMALA: S CHIAPAS", "M 6.4 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: AUSTRALIA: MECKERING, NORTHAM, CUNDERDIN, YORK", "M 7.0 - near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea", "Significant Earthquake: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: N COAST, WEWAK, DAGUA", "M 6.0 - near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_1968&oldid=1120184840, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. At the conference, Marshal Peng Dehuai, the Minister of Defence, criticized Great Leap policies in a private letter to Mao, writing that it was plagued by mismanagement and cautioning against elevating political dogma over the laws of economics. The 1970 Huascarn Debris Avalanche occurred on May 31, 1970, when a debris avalanche and mudflow triggered by the Ancash earthquake destroyed the Peruvian town of Yungay and ten nearby villages, leaving up to 30,000 people dead. Mao envisioned himself as a wartime guerrilla leader, which made him wary of the bureaucratic nature of peacetime governance. At his birthday party on December 26, 1966, Mao declared an "All-round civil war" to resolve the standoff and asked the military forces of PLA to support "the Left," which was however not clearly defined. "The Great Leap Backward: Forgetting and Representing the Mao Years". Hu Yaobang became head of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party as its Secretary-general. This is a list of earthquakes in 2014.Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in damage and/or casualties, or are notable for some other reason. The initial response entailed searching for survivors, evacuating the injured, removing rubble, ensuring security and meeting the needs of affected people. In Shanghai, a young factory worker named Wang Hongwen organized a far-reaching revolutionary coalition, one that galvanized and displaced existing Red Guard groups. The start of the Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with all expenses paid by the government, and the railway system was in turmoil. 3 people were killed and 16 were injured in this event. (Image credit: NOAA On May 31, 1970, a 7.9-magnitude earthquake caused one of Peru's deadliest landslides, according to the BBC The official death toll for the wildfires was 33, Peru. A natural disaster is a sudden event that always causes widespread destruction, major collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. 2001. This page was last edited on 7 October 2022, at 08:59. [6], Coastal Peru has a history of very large earthquakes. [150]:14 Workers were supposed to "grasp revolution and promote productions", while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because "more pigs means more manure, and more manure means more grain." While the years of schooling were reduced and education standard fell, the proportion of Chinese children who had completed primary education increased from less than half before the Cultural Revolution to almost all after the Cultural Revolution, and those who completed junior middle school rose from 15% to over two-third. [11]:23 In this sense, the Cultural Revolution was actually a much more decentralized and varied movement that gradually lost cohesion, spawning many 'local revolutions' which differed in their nature and goals. [2005] (2005). Red Guard slogans were of the most violent nature, such as "Strike the enemy down on the floor and step on him with a foot", "Long live the red terror!" This marked Deng's second purge in ten years. Damage was caused in the area. [196] At the National Museum of China in Beijing, the Cultural Revolution is barely mentioned in its historical exhibits. Some homes were damaged. Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, paint the movement as neither a bona fide war over ideological purity nor a mere power struggle to remove Mao's political rivals. South of the aftershock sequence from May 16 event. [36] Ultimately, the workers disarmed the students and occupied the campus. 194204 in. Pageophys, 117, 12581270. 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