Water scarcity problems in Indonesia, has made government introduce a regulation requiring that all buildings have an infiltration well. This directly and indirectly helps to rejuvenate the ground water level. Rainwater can be used when the groundwater supply is depleted. Water harvesting is very helpful and caters to various needs such as recharging the ground water level, reducing the electricity bill in the water supply and providing the water supply anytime needed. Human ancestors have always used aquatic resources to their benefit (18), as we see the earliest association of hominid ancestors with lakes and pools dating back to 6 and 7 m.y. As the world tries out new methods to address the newer problems it face in solving natural resources scarcity issues and which in fact has been a significant factor for human civilization from time immemorial, rainwater harvesting experiments as a source of water is also happening worldwide. Everyone is dependent on ground water for their every need. Most countries with unpredictable environment use rainwater harvesting because it is an economical and reliable source of salinity and salts-free clean water. This can be claimed over multiple tax years, but no taxpayer can receive more than a total of $1000 in credits through this program. We should try to collect rain water without wasting the water running through the roofs and on the roads. In rural areas, rainwater can be used to even supplement agricultural income through small horticultural projects and maintaining improved amount of livestock apart from developing the quality of life of rural women in many parts of the world who spends a considerable portion of their day- to- day life in collecting water for drinking and house hold purposes. Though centralized water management systems has a huge impact on our lives today, societies, government and citizens around the world are looking out of alternative resources to augment the available water resources. Rainwater conservation maintains water levels in natural water resources. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Currently there is no US agency that has focus on Rainwater Harvesting and states are rapidly doing their own thing. Access of water according to the UN is officially defined as 20 lpd within a 1 km distance from ones dwelling. Rain water is used exclusively for irrigation facilities. Using this technique we can collect a lot of clean rainwater during the rainy season. It was estimated that if each house in Java and Madura had its own infiltration well, the water deficit of 53% by the year of 2000 would be reduced to 37%, which translates into a net savings of 16% through conservation. Interestingly in some states of USA like Utah, Colorado and Washington, catching rain water was against the law as it reduces the water catchment area for downstream users if water is taken in up stream. In the future the risk of water scarcity is increased to a great extent and not following some effective solutions can be life-threatening. It also prevents pollution of water bodies. For arid and semi arid countries, rain-water is often the most readily accessible water source at the community and household level, although distribution of rainfall during the year, and storage necessary for the dry months can provide a problem. This is to conserve more water and prevent surface water runoff during the monsoon. The Department of Ecology of the State of Washington, on October 12, 2009 issued an Interpretive Policy Statement clarifying that a water right is not required for rooftop rainwater harvesting (43). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In this paper, I would however like to focus more on the domestic usage of rainwater. Rooftop rainwater harvesting however is a very small percentage of the total rainwater run-off. In Changi Airport, rainwater is collected from the runways which are used primarily for non-potable functions such fire-fighting drills and toilet flushing. The potential for potable water savings was estimated for the 12 governorates, and it ranged from 0.27% to 19.7% (13). The potential for water harvesting varies among the governorates, ranging from 0.023-106 m3 for the Aqaba governorate to 6.45-106 m3 for the Amman governorate. The earliest known evidence of the use of the technology in Africa comes from northern Egypt, where tanks ranging from 200-2000m3 have been used for at least 2000 years many are still operational today (7). 3598: Energy and Water Research Integration Act which has been passed by the House of Representative in December 2009 which is formulated to to ensure consideration of water intensity in the Department of Energys energy research, development, and demonstration programs to help guarantee efficient, reliable, and sustainable delivery of energy and water resources(32) may promote federal support in rainwater harvesting. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It can be used for irrigation, gardens, household purposes and livestock. It is estimated that a 1 meter rise in the water level saves about 0.4 kWh of electricity. Hundreds of years before the birth of Christ, rainwater collection were already a common technique throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East, used by Egyptians, Palestinians, Iranians, Iraqis, Yemenis, Greeks and Romans(9). Alternative sources of domestic water are becoming particularly important in urban areas of the world as urban population is rapidly increasing. In the Negev desert in Israel, tanks for storing runoff from hillsides for both domestic and agricultural purposes have allowed habitation and cultivation in areas with as little as 100mm of rain per year.. Water was collected from roofs and other hard surfaces and stored in underground tanks, or excavated reservoirs (cisterns) with masonry domes (9). Similarly, water stress may be a problem if a country or region has less than 1,700 m3 yr-1 of water per capita (4). Currently, some 61 million people are added to cities each year through rural to urban migration, natural increase within cities, and the transformation of villages into urban areas(7). This helps in improving the water quality in aquifers. The plan stress that restoration and building of tanks and other water bodies along with rainwater harvesting structures for recharge and for direct collection at community and household levels constitute an attractive option. Rainwater harvesting provides a water supply buffer for use in times of emergency or breakdown of the public water supply systems, particularly during natural disasters. The regulation applies to two-thirds of the territory, including the Special Province of Yogyakarta, the Capital Special Province of Jakarta, West Java and Central Java Province. Purity of rain water is in question when there are instances of acid rain all around the world. There are several low cost techniques are available to recharge the ground water aquifers. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The ground water level is falling day by day due to various reasons like deforestation and ecological imbalance. An exhaustive list of all of them is beyond the scope of this paper. Mega-Cites worldwide are facing similar challenges of water scarcity and water stress like polluted freshwater resources, overexploited groundwater resources, insufficient or poorly maintained water supply infrastructure systems and insufficient technical and water management capacities (14).Small pockets of water resources within a city are more resilient and can draw on rainwater and groundwater, providing the city with greater flexibility in the face of water shortages, operational failures and natural disasters. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Water harvesting is a technique of increasing the recharge of ground water by capturing and storing rainwater locally in subsurface water reservoirs to meet the household needs. It can be stored for a long time for domestic purposes such as horticulture, livestock and irrigation etc. But this also gives the scope of community involvement and shares the cost. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This can be helpful in urban areas where due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into subsoil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.
In all three continents rainwater continues to be an important source for isolated homesteads and farms (11). At times, this is effective in controlling urban flooding which happens when too much of water due to precipitation flows down the sewerage system which are not capable of handling the amount does not function properly. This complements the water supply and prevents water wastage. Users of rainwater are usually the owners who operate and manage the catchment system, hence, they are more likely to exercise water conservation because they know how much water is in storage and they will try to prevent the storage tank from drying up.Rainwater harvesting technologies are flexible and can be built to meet almost any requirements. Rainwater harvesting is capable of offering many benefits along with a very low cost method. Moreover, as people around the world prefer to stay apartments, access to individual roofs for each water consumer is impossible. People understands solutions of the problems they face better than analysis of their problem, when solutions are within their reach, they implement them. Roof harvesting is the most common and easiest method of rainwater harvesting. The H.R. Now-a-days, people have been dependent on the government system of water supply to supply water for their every need. This can be done using small ponds, underground tanks, dams, weeds etc. In many parts of the world, households and communities have augmented or substituted their household supplies with rainwater for reasons of scarcity, salinity, quality of service and for risk substitution. In New Mexico however there is no mandatory law to install rainwater harvesting in individual houses, but there is a tax credit for NEW Green Buildings, which could include rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is the way to reduce groundwater use as well as always maintain its level in the future. But when these are withdrawals are greater than 20% of total renewable resources, water stress often is a limiting factor on development; withdrawals of 40% or more represents high stress. In urban areas, rainwater available from roof tops of buildings, paved and unproved areas goes waste. This practice is common by people in independent residences and buildings. With growing number of population belonging to the water stress areas of the world, it has become crucial for humans to find out alternative sources of water, proper management of the given resources and bring in technological changes to improve water use. Help reduce the use of. This can be done using dug wells, pits, trenches, hand pumps, recharge wells, recharge shafts, recharging lateral shafts with borewells, dispersion techniques (means of diffusion of water to stream, sewer, etc. This is leading to overuse of ground water and thus lower levels. Rainwater harvesting is again a new but old and effective technology for rainwater harvesting during the rainy season for the purpose of future use. Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater in natural resources or artificially designed resources to prevent water runoff and meet future water scarcity. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Womens Day Essay: Hindi Essay on Women's Day, How to write an essay-argumentative essay, Great Essay About Causes And Nature of Crime, It helps in reducing water supply load and municipal electricity bills, free in rural areas. New commercial facilities must install a separate irrigation meter costing between $5,000 and $25,000 unless they can provide 100% of all outdoor water needs from alternate water sources such as rain, grey-water, and air conditioning condensate (26). This is to bring the old tradition of water conservation among the people. Rainwater harvesting can also reduce the dependence on the centralized water supply systems. With fluctuating climate change and the elimination of groundwater storage, rainwater harvesting helps mitigate those effects. The Central Government should support the states for tapping the maximum external assistance for this purpose, a part of the assistance could be shared by the Centre as decided in the case of the external assisted Water Bodies Restoration Programme wherein 25% grant of the project cost is passed on to the states (45). are important reasons for water harvesting. However, harvesting systems have to function and maintain water quality. In India, direct recharge of rainwater into the ground (40) resulted in groundwater level increases of up to 5 to 10 metres in just two years. Groundwater levels are steadily decreasing due to deforestation, rapid urbanization, rainwater infiltration to sub-soil, etc. Small involvements like managing a rainwater catchment in a building can bring in greater differences in how people think about the water availability. 2. Harvesting water ensures and prevents smooth supply of water in future. Rainwater harvesting can significantly address this issue and become a sustainable water source across the climatic condition if the management systems are robust and the water collected can be channelized to recharge groundwater. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Rainwater harvesting refers to the accumulation and storage of rainwater for natural reservoirs or tanks or the infiltration of surface water to bring surface water to the surface for later reuse. There are several methods through which this can be done such as surface water collection system, harvesting roofing method, underground tank, dam, slope, barrage, water storage reservoir, trenches etc. Under this program the landowner may be reimbursed up to 75 percent of the pre-established average cost of the BMP (best management practices). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! In the United States alone, pavements and other impervious surfaces cover more than 43,000 square miles-an area nearly the size of Ohio-according to research published in the 15 June 2004 issue of Eos, the newsletter of the American Geophysical Union. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Since reclaimed wastewater use has several benefits, a huge water volume has been utilized for various purposes such as washing; water-cooling, toilet flushing, waterway restoration and creation of recreational waterfront (30).There are many case studies and success stories, feasibility studies on rainwater harvesting methods and uses in the world today. Tamil Nadu is one of the states in India and is now the first Indian state where rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory. Archaeological excavations document ancient rainwater harvesting in Mesoamerica, the Mediterranean, and the Orient (10). It plays a great role in preventing groundwater degradation and improving the groundwater table. In the 11 Five Year Plan of the Government of India, rainwater harvesting is taken into consideration where sources of groundwater are limited. For many women and girls, who make up the great proportion of water carriers, fetching the family minimum could require several 1 km trips each way a significant barrier to actual access. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". With Clean River Rewards which is the storm-water utilitys discount program of Portland, helps ratepayers save money and work for clean rivers and healthy watersheds at the same time through storm-water management in individual properties. Copyright 2003 - 2022 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. It is being used frequently in various places in India to overcome the problems of water scarcity. Presentlyit is very important to conserverainwater so that thereis no shortage ofthisnatural resource. (2) Climatic variations are not accounted for in the universal definition of access (15). The roof top rain water harvesting can be a very effective tool to fight the problem of water shortage particularly in urban areas. As the civil society is becoming more aware and sensitized regarding its potential, rainwater harvesting can also be scaled up to neighborhood and micro-watershed levels. Urbanization of the world has also changed the way houses are built worldwide and concrete roofing is providing good catchment areas closer to the domestic water users. International organization for promoting sustainable environmental strategies like UNEP are growingly focusing on this method as to cater water needs of communities to attain the objectives of Millennium Development Goals. Rainwater harvesting can co-exist with and provide a good supplement to other water sources and utility systems, thus relieving pressure on other water sources. This definition has been critiqued on two counts: (1) 1 km is a considerable distance, especially when carrying water, which is heavy. Popularizing rainwater harvesting requires significant push by the governmental institution. In October of 2008, the city of Tucson, Arizona became the first municipality in the country to require developers of commercial properties to harvest rainwater for landscaping. In California, the California Rainwater Capture Act of 2010, would authorize a landowner to install, maintain, and operate, on the landowners property, a rainwater capture system meeting specified requirements. There are various reasons for water harvesting such as: To meet the ever-increasing demand for water, reducing the run-off which chokes drains, avoid the flooding of roads. It is very effective in mountainous regions and desert areas of India and other countries. Rainwater conservation is also practiced in individual homes and apartments. Study for free with our range of university lectures! This is equivalent to 5.6% of the total domestic water supply of the year 2005. As the quality and quantity of ground water is decreasing, rainwater is becoming an alternative source. Thus, the concept of rainwater harvesting is also growing rapidly and peopleare playing their role inprotecting the environmentand utilizing this natural resource. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The following points that prove the fact of harvesting rainwater are mentioned: Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation, storage, conservation, and filtration of rainwater in the future of rainwater as drinking water or for many other uses. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Construction of deep wells is costly and can harm the natural environment. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Rainwater harvesting can also improve the situations of urban flooding. The stored rainwater has to be maintained regularly.
Rainwater can be harvested better by using the following methods such as surface runoff harvesting and rainwater harvesting above the roof. Conceptually, rainwater harvesting catchments can vary in size from the individual house to a river basin. Content Guidelines Future pressures from climate change, growing population, rapid land use changes and already degraded water resource quality, may intensify water shortages in specific communities and exacerbate existing environmental and economic concerns (5). Fresh rainwater falls on the ground like a pearl, so everyone should understand the importance of rainwater due to lack of natural water resources especially in developing areas and rural areas. It has slowly but regularly eliminated the old traditional water harvesting system. PreserveArticles.com is a free service that lets you to preserve your original articles for eternity. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of water for reuse. In United States, about 4% of the U.S power generation is used for water supply to the population and electricity represents approximately 75 percent of the cost of municipal water processing and distribution (19) (20). Ancient reservoir technology developed by the Mayan people in the seasonally dry tropics of southern Maya lowlands reveals that rainwater storage was a major source of water supply during the dry season. Around the world, rain water harvesting has many success stories. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Any scientific information contained within this essay should not be treated as fact, this content is to be used for educational purposes only and may contain factual inaccuracies or be out of date. ). In future, dams and ponds can be constructed for storing large amounts of water for irrigation of crops. Water supply improves crop production and thus promotes food security. In addition to the traditional rainwater harvesting techniques found in India, North Africa and the western Mediterranean, there are also examples from Thailand, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and the small islands in the Pacific. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The new measure approved by a unanimous vote by the City Council requires that new developments meet 50% of their landscaping water requirements by capturing rainwater. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It is good to reduce the fear of water scarcity in the future. The current centralized water supply paradigm which is followed in all the cities of the world seems unsustainable and extremely high on energy consumption. More land area around the world today is getting covered by asphalt and concrete as new roads are laid down to support increasing amount of transport use of urban population. But as a small scale and domestic activity, this is significant as the production; control and use of these sources are maintained and controlled by domestic users. 
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